BIO 1305 Chapter 20: DNA Tools and Biotechnology

DNA technology

The main technologies for sequencing and manipulating DNA.

nucleic acid hybridization

The complementarity of the two DNA strands is the basis for _________________________, the base paring of one strand of nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on another strand.

Genetic engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

DNA sequencing

A gene's complete nucleotide sequence can be determined using a process called ____________________.

Dideoxy sequencing

A DNA sequencing method that uses dideoxynucleoside triphosphate (ddNTP) lacks a 3'-OH group, which terminates DNA synthesis.

Gene cloning

Consists of making more copies of DNA inside the cell through In vivo amplification of DNA fragment, insertion of DNA into the host cell, and the copying of DNA when the cell divides.

Plasmids

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome (extrachromosomal).

Cloning vector

A plasmid used to clone a foreign gene.

recombination DNA molecule

Researchers insert DNA into a plasmid to produce a _______________________, which contains DNA from two different sources.

Bacterial plasmids

Are widely used as cloning vectors because they are readily obtained, easily manipulated, easily introduced into bacterial cells, and rapidly multiplied once in bacteria.

Restriction enzymes

Cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites. They are known as molecular scissors.

sticky end

The most useful restriction enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing fragments with at least one single-standed end called a __________________, which can bond with complementary ends of other fragments.

DNA ligase

An enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments.

gel electrophoresis

To separate, visualize, and isolate DNA fragments produced, ____________________ is carried out.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Makes many copies of a target segment of DNA.

denaturation, annealing, and extension

The three steps of PCR are ______________, _______________, and ______________.

Taq polymerase

An unusual, heat-stable DNA polymerase used in PCR.