Social Identity Theory (SIT)

stage 1: social categorisation

Social categorisation is the process by which we identity which groups we belong to and which groups we do not. The groups we belong to and identify with are referred to as our "in-groups." When referring to our in-group, we often use the words "we" and "us". The groups that we do not belong to, are referred to as "out-groups." When referring to our out-groups, we often use the words "they" and "them."

Stage 2: social identification

Social identification takes place after deciding to belong to the group. This is the process of adopting the norms of the group and taking on the characteristics of the group.

Stage 3: Social comparison

After identifying one's in-group, individuals then engage in "social comparison" which is a means of justifying their group membership.

Stage 4: Positive distinctiveness 

Finally, we seek to achieve positive self-esteem by positively comparing our in-group to an out-group on some valued dimension to achieve positive distinctiveness. We favour the traits of our in-group, even if we did not necessarily choose to be a part of the group ourselves.