chapters 7-15 fr

Which of the following best describes a 'schema' in cognition?

A mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related topics

In Freud's model of personality, which structure operates according to the 'pleasure principle'?

Id

What concept suggests that a stressful event's impact depends largely on how the person perceives it?

Appraisal

Which cultural orientation is less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error?

Collectivistic culture

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that objects exist even when out of view (object permanence) typically develops in which stage?

Sensorimotor stage

In the context of stress, what system is directly involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Sympathetic nervous system

What is the term for the phenomenon where people overemphasize personality traits to explain others' behavior while underestimating situational factors?

Fundamental attribution error

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation issues seen in OCD?

Serotonin

What is eustress?

Positive stress that can improve performance and health

What is a 'prototype' according to cognitive psychology?

The best or most typical example of a concept

According to the Diathesis-Stress Model, what predicts the likelihood of developing a disorder?

Interaction of predisposition and stress

The Stanford Prison Experiment primarily demonstrated the influence of:

Social roles and situational norms on behavior

Which language component refers to the smallest units of meaning?

Morphemes

Which defense mechanism involves reverting to earlier stages of development under stress?

Regression

In Horney's theory, which coping style involves aggression and assertiveness toward others?

Moving against people

Which part of Freud's structure of the mind strives for moral perfection?

Superego

What happens during the 'resistance' stage of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Continued alertness with reduced intensity

Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism states that personality is influenced by:

Behavior, cognitive factors, and environment interacting

In Piaget’s stages, children learning that addition and subtraction are inverse operations are in the:

Concrete operational stage

A person who believes poor people deserve their fate because 'the world is fair' is demonstrating:

Just-world hypothesis

A child who calls every animal 'dog' after learning about dogs is demonstrating which cognitive process?

Assimilation

A man with PTSD keeps avoiding driving after experiencing a bad car accident. What symptom of PTSD is this an example of?

Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli

In the cognitive theory of development, which term describes adjusting a schema to fit new information?

Accommodation

According to the biological perspective, what factor increases the likelihood of developing schizophrenia?

Genetic predisposition

A woman believes she is hideously ugly, even though no one else sees a flaw. She spends hours every day checking mirrors. What disorder does she most likely have?

Body dysmorphic disorder

A man attributes missing a meeting to traffic, but says another coworker is lazy for missing the same meeting. This is an example of:

Actor-observer bias

The pleasure principle is most closely associated with which part of Freud’s personality structure?

Id

A teenager experiments with different hairstyles, clothes, and friend groups. According to Erikson, this stage is about:

Identity vs. Role Confusion

In OCD, compulsions are behaviors performed to:

Reduce distress caused by obsessions

A teacher believes that students who struggle must be lazy, rather than considering their home life. This is an example of:

Fundamental attribution error

Which part of the brain is especially hyperactive in people with OCD?

Orbitofrontal cortex

A child who was never comforted as a baby now struggles to trust friends. Which stage of Erikson’s theory explains this?

Trust vs. Mistrust

When a stressed college student becomes physically sick during finals, it best illustrates the connection between:

Stress and immune system suppression

If a man attributes his job promotion to his own hard work, but blames getting fired on 'bad bosses,' he is demonstrating:

Self-serving bias

A young woman shows signs of excessive worry, fatigue, and irritability most days for six months, without specific triggers. Which disorder matches these symptoms?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Which concept best explains why someone in a new country quickly learns to follow the greeting habits?

Event schema (cognitive script)

The belief that bad things happen to bad people is known as the:

Just-world hypothesis

In Piaget’s stages, what skill is demonstrated by understanding that changing a container's shape does not change the amount inside?

Conservation

A soldier returning from combat experiences flashbacks, hypervigilance, and nightmares for over two months. What diagnosis fits best?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Which stress hormone suppresses the immune system when chronically elevated?

Cortisol

A person experiencing 'flashbacks' that mimic the original trauma is most likely suffering from:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

When a student is praised by their teacher and subsequently becomes more motivated, this is an example of:

Positive reinforcement

Which stress hormone is primarily responsible for helping the body prepare to 'fight or flee' immediately?

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

In the resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, the body is:

Adapting and maintaining alertness at a lower level

A mother expects her child’s teacher to be nurturing and organized even before meeting her. This is an example of:

Role schema

Which anxiety disorder involves sudden, intense fear reaching a peak within minutes, often without a clear trigger?

Panic disorder

Someone who compulsively checks that the door is locked, even after verifying it, is likely suffering from:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

What part of Freud’s model represents our rational 'self,' balancing the id and superego?

Ego

Which developmental psychologist emphasized that children actively construct knowledge through stages?

Jean Piaget

A child who understands that water poured into a taller glass is the same amount as before has mastered:

Conservation

The 'just-world hypothesis' is a bias that leads people to believe:

People get what they deserve

Which is an example of an acute stressor?

Falling and breaking your arm on an icy sidewalk

Which disorder is characterized by persistent, distressing thoughts that lead to ritualistic behaviors?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

In developmental psychology, milestones such as walking or talking are examples of:

Developmental milestones

A stressed-out student who copes by constantly eating junk food and smoking is demonstrating:

Maladaptive coping strategies

In social psychology, an expectation that influences behavior so that the expectation becomes true is called:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A man who gets angry at his boss but then yells at his children is using which defense mechanism?

Displacement

Someone who cannot discard old, useless items to the point of impeding their living space likely has:

Hoarding disorder

Which structure initiates the hormonal cascade (HPA axis) in response to stress?

Hypothalamus

According to Horney, children who withdraw from others and prioritize independence are coping by:

Moving away from people

Which structure in Freud’s theory demands immediate gratification of urges?

Id

A student who studies harder after failing an exam to avoid feeling like a failure is motivated by:

Cognitive dissonance reduction

In Piaget’s theory, which ability marks the formal operational stage?

Abstract reasoning

A woman who experiences intrusive, unwanted thoughts of harming others but never acts on them likely has:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

What are the three components of an attitude?

Affective, behavioral, cognitive

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable urges into socially acceptable actions?

Sublimation

According to the social exchange theory, people seek relationships where:

Benefits outweigh the costs

Which system is activated first in the fight-or-flight stress response?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which phenomenon explains why witnesses to an emergency might not help because they expect someone else will?

Bystander effect

The cultural tendency to value independence and self-reliance is typical of:

Individualistic cultures

A person who frequently worries about appearing foolish at parties, avoiding all social situations, likely has:

Social anxiety disorder

Erikson’s stage of generativity vs. stagnation typically occurs during:

Middle adulthood (40s-60s)

Someone with a strong internal locus of control would likely believe:

Personal efforts control outcomes

Which cognitive bias describes the tendency to overestimate how predictable an event was after it happened?

Hindsight bias

Which disorder involves extreme difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value?

Hoarding disorder