Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering organ system functions, anatomical planes, homeostatic feedback loops, organelles, transport mechanism, and cell division.

Integumentary System

Organ system that encloses internal body structures, serves as the site of sensory receptors, and provides protection and regulation of body temperature.

Skeletal System

Organ system that supports the body and enables movement in conjunction with the muscular system.

Muscular System

Organ system that enables movement alongside the skeletal system and helps maintain body temperature.

Nervous System

Organ system that detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses.

Endocrine System

Organ system that secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes.

Cardiovascular System

Organ system that delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body.

Lymphatic System

Organ system that returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens.

Respiratory System

Organ system that removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to blood.

Digestive System

Organ system that processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food.

Urinary System

Organ system that controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood, and excreting them.

Sagittal Plane

A sectional plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into left and right sections.

Frontal Plane

A sectional plane (also called coronal plane) that divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

Transverse Plane

A sectional plane that divides the body or an organ horizontally into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.

Negative Feedback

A primary homeostatic mechanism that reverses a change in a regulated variable, such as regulating body temperature.

Positive Feedback

A feedback mechanism that intensifies or amplifies a change in a physiological condition rather than reversing it, such as labor contractions during childbirth.

Inorganic Compound

A compound in the human body that lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as water and salts.

Electrolytes

Ions, such as $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, and $Ca^{2+}$, that dissociate from salts in water and allow for electrical conductivity.

Transport Proteins

Membrane proteins responsible for transporting substances across the plasma membrane.

Golgi Apparatus

Membrane-bound organelle that modifies, packages, and ships proteins.

Lysosome

Organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste and unneeded cellular material.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that serve as the primary site of protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane structure serving as the primary site of lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Nucleolus

A dense region inside the nucleus responsible for ribosome production.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive membrane transport that uses carrier or channel proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient without energy.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell interior, causing water to flow out and leading to cell shrinkage.

Primary Active Transport

Active transport mechanism that directly uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump substances against their concentration gradient.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis involving the non-specific uptake of extracellular liquid droplets into membrane-bound vesicles.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs large solid food particles or debris into a vacuole for digestion.

Exocytosis

Vesicular transport mechanism used by cells to release materials, such as neurotransmitters, into the extracellular space.

S Phase

The synthesis subphase of interphase during which DNA replication takes place.

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis during which condensed chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell.

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.