Blood/Respiration

Human blood

________ is a fascinating and complex fluid that performs many vital functions in the body.

Gaseous exchange

________ occurs in the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs.

Bohr effect

The ________ states that the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide and the pH of the blood.

Hemoglobin

________ is a protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

Carbon dioxide

________ diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli.

Prothrombin

________ and fibrinogen are important blood clotting factors that are involved in the process of hemostasis, which helps to prevent excessive bleeding after an injury.

Oxygen

________ diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

cardiac cycle

During the ________ or heartbeat, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures change constantly.

Myocardial infarction

________ (MI), also known as a heart attack, occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked, resulting in prolonged ischemia and irreversible damage to the heart muscle.

chest cavity

They are located in the ________ and are protected by the rib cage.

Oxyhemoglobin

________ is more stable than hemoglobin and has a higher affinity for oxygen.

Insects

________ can control the flow of air through their tracheal system by contracting and relaxing muscles that surround the tubes.

surface area

The ________ of the alveoli in the lungs is roughly equivalent to the size of a tennis court, which aids in efficient gas exchange.

Angina

________ (also known as pectoralis) is a type of chest pain that occurs when there is a temporary reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to ischemia.

membrane

The lungs are divided into lobes and are surrounded by a(n) ________ called the pleura.

primary respiratory

Lungs, on the other hand, are the ________ organs in mammals.

human heart

The ________ is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Respiration

________ is the process by which living organisms exchange gases with their environment.

Platelets

________ are the smallest formed element of the blood and are involved in hemostasis, the process of blood clotting.

bone marrow

They are produced in the ________ and circulate in the blood for approximately 10 days.

small tubes

The bronchioles are ________ that lead to the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

alveolar sacs

Alveoli are clustered in groups called ________, which are surrounded by capillaries that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.

Carbaminohemoglobin

________ (HbCO2): Some CO2 binds to the hemoglobin (Hb) protein in red blood cells to form HbCO2.

Hypertension

________ can also increase the risk of developing kidney disease, such as chronic kidney disease or kidney failure, which can have severe consequences on overall health and require dialysis or kidney transplantation for survival.

pleura

The ________ is a thin membrane surrounding the lungs that help with lubrication and reducing friction during breathing.

Fibrin

________ forms a mesh- like structure that allows platelets to adhere to the site of injury, ultimately forming a blood clot that prevents further bleeding.

bone marrow

They are produced in the ________ and circulate in the blood.

Plasma

________ helps transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Anaerobic respiration

________ does not require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

bronchioles

The lungs are divided into lobes, each of which is further divided into ________ and alveoli.

process of systemic circulation

The ________ starts with the left atrium contracting, pushing the oxygenated blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

Thymus

________: a gland located behind the sternum that produces T- cells, a type of white blood cell that fights infections.

aorta

The ________ carries the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

physical exertion

It is often triggered by ________ or emotional stress and typically lasts between 1- 15 minutes.

Lungs

________ are found in mammals and are the main organs of respiration.

endothelial cells

The walls of the lymphatic capillaries are made of ________ that overlap each other, forming a one- way entry route into the lymphatic system.

foreign particles

The lymphatic capillaries absorb interstitial fluid, along with any waste products or ________ present, and move the lymph towards the lymph nodes.

foreign substances

They are responsible for defending the body against pathogens and ________.

glomerulus

The ________ is a network of small blood vessels where blood is filtered, and the tubules and collecting ducts modify the filtered fluid to produce urine.

Spleen

________: an organ located in the upper left abdomen that filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells and foreign particles.

Hemostasis

________ is the process of blood clotting, which helps to prevent excessive bleeding after an injury.

Lymph nodes

________ are responsible for removing pathogens, cellular debris, and toxins from the lymph, while also preventing harmful substances from entering the bloodstream.

RBCs

________ contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color.

WBCs

There are several types of ________, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

bronchi branch

The ________ off into smaller bronchioles that are lined with smooth muscle and are responsible for directing airflow towards the alveoli, which are the site of gas exchange.

Ischemia

________ can also occur due to a reduced amount of blood flow related to factors such as heart failure, shock, or vascular spasm.

Urgent medical attention

________ is required to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle.

Tracheal systems

________ are found in insects and consist of a network of tubes that deliver oxygen directly to the cells.

bicarbonate ion

The ________ is then transported out of the red blood cell into the blood plasma in exchange for a chloride ion (Cl),- a process known as the chloride shift.

hormones

It is a yellowish fluid that contains water, proteins, ________, electrolytes, and other substances.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Also known as erythrocytes, RBCs are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the body

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Also known as leukocytes, WBCs are part of the immune system and help fight off infections and diseases

Platelets

Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that help blood clot and prevent excessive bleeding

Plasma

Plasma is the liquid component of blood and makes up about 55% of its volume

It is divided into four chambers

the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle

The circulation of blood through the heart can be divided into two cycles

the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation

Respiration can be divided into two types

aerobic and anaerobic

Lymphatic vessels

thin tubes that transport lymph from the tissues to the lymph nodes and back to the bloodstream

Lymph nodes

small, bean-shaped organs situated along the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and contain immune cells

Thymus

a gland located behind the sternum that produces T-cells, a type of white blood cell that fights infections

Spleen

an organ located in the upper left abdomen that filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells and foreign particles

Bone marrow

a spongy tissue located inside the bones that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

The Bohr effect is enhanced by two factors

increased carbon dioxide levels and decreased pH

Dissolved CO2

This refers to the small amount of CO2 that is carried in solution in the blood plasma

Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

Some CO2 binds to the hemoglobin (Hb) protein in red blood cells to form HbCO2

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

The majority of the CO2 in the blood combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+)

Dissolved CO2

5-7%

Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

23%

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

70%

The process of hemostasis involves three main steps

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation