FreshWater Ecology Final

define a virus __ (4)

1. are not cells

2. 1 nucleic acid

3. 1 enzyme

4. no outside multiplication

both archaea and bacteria __ (6)

1. cells

2. 2 nucleic acids

3. independent multiplication

4. no membrane-bound organelles

5. no mitosis

archaea only __ (2)

1. protein, glycoprotein, or polysaccharide cell wall

2. ether-linked branched lipids

bacteria only __ (2)

1. peptidoglycan cell wall with muramic acid

2. ester-linked straight lipids

arcaea and bacteria differ in __ sensitivities and __ synthesis

antibiotic; protein

eukaryotes __ (7)

1. cells

2. 2 nucleic acids

3. many enzymes

4. independent multiplication

5. membrane bound organelles

6. mitosis

7. cellulose walls

Size of each organism

Virus: __

Archaea: __

Bacteria: __

1. 25-350nm

2. <1um

3. 1-2um

cell shapes: __ (3)

1. cocci

2. spirilla

3. bacilli

other cell shapes: __ (3)

1. filamentous

2. rectangular

3. star shaped

__ million bacteria cells in one milliliter of water

1

__ microbes for every human

1.46 X 10^20

Prokaryote carbon "outweighs" human carbon __

1300:1

Earth is a __ planet and microbes have a greater __ and __ than humans

microbial; population size; biomass

microbes are 2nd largest pool of living __ and the largest pool of living __ and __

carbon; nitrogen; phosphorous

viruses can be __ million per mL

10

virus abundance __ with productivity of aquatic ecosystems

increases

virus abundance __ from freshwater to marine ecosystems

decreases

virus abundance __ from the surface to the bottom of the euphotic layer

decreases

virus to bacteria/archaea ratio is __ in productive freshwaters

6:30

__ microbes/mL in water

10^4 to 10^7

__ microbes/mL in soil

10^9

3 domains __

1. bacteria

2. archaea

3. eukaryotes

bacteria + archaea: __ million species

90

eukaryotes: __ million species

8.7

biofilms dominates on the surface of the Earth, except in oceans, accounting for __% of bacterial and archaeal cells

80

Lifecycle of a bifilm __ (3)

1. initial attachment (reversible)

2. primary colonization (irreversible)

3. secondary colonization and development of climax community

during initial attachment __ and __ occur

attachment and detachment

during primary colonization __ occurs

active growth of pioneer species

during secondary colonization you have __ (4)

1. protozoal interactions

2. bacterial succession

3. migration

4. sloughing

biofilm order __ (6)

1. micro-aggregate

2. microcolony

3. monolayer

4. multilayer

5. mushroom and streamers

6. microbial mat

__ cylce is when the cell bursts releasing phage virions

lytic (lysis)

__ cycle is when phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination, becoming a prophage and reproduces normally

lysogenic (lysogeny)

__ additions may also switch lifestyle from lysogenic to lytic based on host population growth

nutrient additions

__ get energy from light

phototrophs

__ get energy from chemicals

chemotrophs

__ get electrons from organic compounds

organotrophs

__ get electrons from inorganic compounds

lithographs

__ gets carbon from inorganic compounds

autotrophs

__ gets carbon from organic compounds

heterotrophs

__ gets carbon from both

mixotrophs

__ occurs when oxygen is used as the TEA

aerobic respiration

__ occurs when oxygen is not the TEA

anaerobic respiration

__ have an optimum temp for growth <20 degrees celsius

psychrophiles

__ have an optimum temp for growth 20-45 degrees celsius

mesophiles

__ have an optimum temp for growth >55 degrees celsius

thermophiles

__ have an optimum temp for growth >90 degrees celsius

extreme thermophiles

__ require 1.5M (8%) NaCl

halobacteria

__ have optimum at 3-4M and live in great salt lake, Dead Sea

halophiles

__ live in pH of 0-4

acidophiles

__ live in pH of 5-9

neutrophiles

__ live in pH of 10-14

alkalophiles

__, __, and __ are all enviornmental factors for growth

oxygen, temperature, and pH

__ is the major microbial biomass of freshwater systems

freshwater microalgae

microalgae do oxygenic photosynthesis using __ or __

chlorophyll or carotenoids

you can calculate abundance of microalgae by doing __, __, or __

cell counts, BenthoTorch, or chlorophyll-a extractions

__ are red algae that are rare in freshwater

rhodophycae

__ are golden algae that are planktonic species, common in oligotrophic lakes that contain silica

chrysophycae

__ are important primary producers that are dominant and diverse, benthic, and planktonic

diatoms (bacillariophyceae

diatoms can be __ (oblong, mobile, benthic) or __ forms (circular, immobile, pelagic)

pennate; cennate

diatoms can be __ indicators

water quality

__ are unicellular, motile, have a red photosensitive spot, like eutrophic conditions and shallow sediments

euglenophycaea

__ and __ are common, most diverse, uni or multicellular, cellulose or calcified exterior

Chlorophyceae; charophyceae

___ are common in lakes, 50% photosynthetic, free swimming, cellulose exterior

dinoflagellates

dinoflagellates contribute to __

harmful algal blooms

__ have >2500 species, bear spores

freshwater fungi

__ are slime molds

labyrinthulomycetes

__ are predominately aquatic, algal fungi, unicellular, parasitic

ooprotista

__ are moile, parasitic

chytidioprotista

__ are filamentous fungi, yeasts

ascomycetes

__ are column fungi

basidiomycetes

__ are imperfect fungi

Deuteromycetes

__ can be ciliates, amoebae, or flagellates

freshwater protozoa

protozoa are __cellular, motile, common

uni

__ consume faster, but __ have higher population

ciliates; microflagellates

__ use short hair-like cilia for swimming

ciliates

__ are slow-moving predators that continuously change shape

amoebae

__ cause major disease outbreak

cryptosporidium

__ are 45% of protists and include dinoflagellates, euglenids, and crypto monads

flagellates

__ are multicellular, micro invertebrates that use wheels of cilia to catch food

freshwater rotifers

microbes are beneficial because __ (4)

1. major role in primary production

2. primary decomposers

3. food web and nutrient cycling

4. bioremediation and biodegregation

microbes are detrimental because __ (3)

1. parasitic

2. pathogens

3. algal blooms and hypoxia

microbes are informative because they can be used for __

water quality

__ are much less than 1% of total number of microbial species on Earth

human pathogens

Use __ as a fecal indicator organism (FIB)

E. coli

Use E.coli because __ (4)

1. present when pathogens are present

2. more numerous than pathogen

3. easier to cultivate in lab

4. mire resistant to die off

can have __ growths

nuisance

classical methods __ (3)

1. isolation

2. physiological characterization

3. microscopy

classical approaches look at __ characteristics

phenotypic

__ is the fact that only a very small fraction of the total community can be cultivated in the lab (<1%)

great plate count anomaly

__ is present in all living organisms , 1540bp so ease of amplification and sequencing, uniform rate of evolution

small ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA)

__ is for eukaryotes

18S

__ is used to multiply target genes

polymerase chain reaction

steps of PCR __

1. Denaturation

2. Annealing

3. Elongation

PCR based techniques __ (4)

1. Fingerprinting approaches: DGGE and TRFLP

2. cloning

3. high throughput sequencing

4. qPCR

probe based technoques __ (1)

FISH

non-PCR based __ and __

omics and meta-comics

__ distinguishes genes/organisms using the variable melting behaviors of dsDNA with different nucleotide sequences

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)

__ profiles genes/organisms based on the position of a restriction site closest ot a labelled end of a PCR amplified gene

Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP)

Advantages of fingerprinting __ (4)

1. sensitive to variations in DNA sequence

2. quick snapshot on population changes

3. can excise sequence of interest

4. affordability

Disadvantages of fingerprinting __ (5)

1. need experience

2. one band is not always true

3. limited sample numbers

4. only works well with short fragments

5, only detect major/abundant groups