1750-1900s Review Flashcards

Flashcards of key concepts from the lecture notes.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist and empiricist approaches, to the natural world and human relationships, using logic and observation to understand nature and human interaction.

How the Enlightenment challenged the status quo

The Enlightenment challenged the status quo by changing the role of religion in public life, emphasizing individual thought, natural rights (life, liberty, property), and social contracts where governments protect these rights.

Effect of the Enlightenment on Government Participation

Expansion of suffrage (the right to vote) and the abolition of slavery.

Impact of the Enlightenment on Women

Feminist movements demanding equality in all areas of life; Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen.

Nationalism

Nationalism is the feeling of unity among people who share things like language, culture, and goals, often strengthened by having a common enemy.

How Leaders Used Nationalism

Leaders used nationalism to start revolutions and added nationalist education into schools, such as public rituals and military service. The Russian empire demanded that the Russian language be spoken by all diverse peoples.

Example of growing discontent with monarchist and imperial rule (non-Atlantic Revolutions)

Muhammad Ali, the leader of Ottoman Egypt, acted independently due to frustration with Ottoman corruption and conflicts, and he initiated industrialization by opening textile and weapons factories.

Cause of the American Revolution

The thirteen American colonies were unhappy with British rule.

How the Declaration of Independence shows connection to Enlightenment Philosophy

It discusses the social contract and popular sovereignty.

Effects of the American Revolution

Setting up a democratic-republic and becoming a model for others to overthrow imperial and monarchist rule.

Cause of the Haitian Revolution

Haiti was a prosperous French colony influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution, leading the enslaved population, led by Toussaint Louverture, to rise up and take over.

Effects of the Haitian Revolution

It created the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and is considered the only successful large-scale slave rebellion in the world.

Causes of the Latin American Revolutions

Portuguese and Spanish colonies in Central and South America were influenced by Enlightenment ideas and disliked the increased control of their imperial parents. Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 led to instability.

Content of the Letter from Jamaica by Simon Bolivar

He wrote about his visions for Latin American independence and called on Latin Americans to overthrow Spanish colonial dominance.

Effects of the Latin American Revolutions

Through long wars, the colonies eventually won independence, and many formed republican governments where people chose their leaders through elections.

Propaganda Movement in the Philippines

Some Filipinos studied in Europe and learned about Enlightenment and nationalist ideas, writing pamphlets and books asking for political rights, which led to the Philippine Revolution.

How Italy and Germany are good examples of calls for national unification

Both were inspired by growing nationalism. They were made up of separate, partly independent states, but military leaders united them into two new states.

Seven environmental, political, and economic factors contributing to the Beginning of industrialization

Proximity to waterways, geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber, access to foreign resources, improved agricultural productivity, urbanization, legal protections of private property, and accumulation of capital.

How goods were made with Industrialization

Factories used machines to make lots of goods quickly and cheaply. Workers repeated one task to make part of a product.

Shift in shares of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution

Industrialized countries made and sold more goods than non-industrial ones. India and Egypt, once known for making textiles, declined as Britain’s textile industry grew.

Spread of industrialization in France

France industrialized slowly due to lack of coal and iron and major social problems. The French government helped build railroads and canals which boosted growth.

Spread of industrialization in the USA

The U.S. industrialized after the Civil War with tons of natural resources, a stable government, and a growing population, leading to more people making and buying goods, with a better life for workers than in other industrial countries.

Spread of industrialization in Russia

Russia’s government led the push to industrialize by building railroads to connect their lands and grow the economy. Factory workers lived in harsh conditions and revolted often.

Spread of industrialization in Japan

Japan’s Meiji Restoration was when the government helped the country modernize to protect itself, becoming one of the strongest industrial countries in the area in just a few decades.

Technology Featured In The FIRST Industrial Revolution

Coal and steam, using James Watt’s steam engine.

Technology Featured In The SECOND Industrial Revolution

Oil powered the internal combustion engine. Electricity led to lightbulbs, streetcars, and subways. The telegraph sent long-distance messages with Morse Code.

How Transportation Technology Changed During The Industrial Revolution

Trains and steamships connected far parts of countries and helped workers travel. Iron and steel ships boosted sea travel and led to building the Suez Canal.

Shift In Building Materials During The Industrial Revolution

Iron. Steel, thanks to the Bessemer process.

Examples Of The Use Of Chemicals That Took Place In The 2nd Industrial Revolution

Synthetic dyes made new colors for clothes and goods. Vulcanization made rubber stronger and longer-lasting.

Two Major Impacts Of New Modes Of Transportation

Trains connected distant places, and people moved far from home to find jobs.

How Adam Smith’s Ideas Changed The Ways Economies Functioned

Mercantilism was replaced by Adam Smith’s idea of a free market, where the government stays out of business (laissez-faire).

Transnational Business

Transnational businesses are companies based in one country but operate in many others.

A Good Example Of A Transnational Business That Started c 1750-1900

The Unilever Corporation was a joint stock company owned by the British and Dutch that made household goods, opening factories across the world using materials from colonial holdings.

New Practices In Banking And Finance That Developed In This Time

The rise of the stock market allowed people to buy and trade shares of companies. The creation of limited liability corporations protected the financial investments of its owners.

Economic Benefits Of The Industrial Era

Industrialized societies saw a rise in the standard of living, and goods became cheaper because they were produced more efficiently, increasing access to goods.

How Industrialization Impacted The Working Class

Workers lived in crowded, dirty homes where disease spread easily and worked long, hard hours for little pay.

What The Government Did To Address The Situation Of The Working Class in England

Suffrage expanded, and political parties for workers were created. Laws limited child labor, public schools opened, new infrastructure was built, and working hours were limited.

Ways That The Working Class Attempted To Help Themselves

Workers formed social societies for sickness insurance and social events. They created labor unions to fight for better working conditions.

Marxism And How It Was A Response To The Plight Of The Working Class

Karl Marx believed the working class (proletariat) would overthrow the rich (bourgeoisie) because of the inequality, take control of production, and create a classless society.

How Qing China Dealt With The Changes Brought About By Industrialization

In the late 1800s, China started the Self-Strengthening Movement, trying to modernize while keeping traditional culture. Conservatives opposed it, fearing it would weaken the landowning class, leading to China losing the Sino-Japanese War.

How The Ottoman Empire Dealt With The Changes Brought About By Industrialization

The Ottomans developed the Tanzimat Reforms, building factories and railroads and changing to a western-style law code and a constitutional government, but conservatives resisted, and the sultan resumed rule as an absolute monarch.

Hoe Industrialization Changed The Social Hierarchy In Places That Industrialized

At the top were industrialists who became richer and more powerful than traditional elites. The industrial working class included factory workers and miners. The middle class had wealthy factory owners and white-collar workers, benefiting most from industrialization.

How The Industrial Revolution Impacted Women

Working class women worked low wage jobs, but could not sustain a family on their wages. Middle class women were expected to be wives and mothers, while their husbands earned a living.

Challenges Related To Rapid Urbanization

Housing shortages led to tenements. Lack of infrastructure for sanitation led to public health crises. Life expectancy dropped, and crime rates rose.