Final New France Exam-

Why was France not initially interested in colonizing the Americas in the 1500s?

France was going through a civil war during this time.

In 1503, what did Columbus mistakenly think he had discovered?

Columbus thought he had discovered India, but he was actually in Brazil

What was the first trading deal between Europeans and Indigenous people in Brazil?

The French traded European goods for wood from the Brazilian tree that produced red dye for clothing.

What was the goal of the first French-funded voyages to the Americas?

To find the Northwest Passage towards Asia, a direct route through the Americas.

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?

It divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal, with the Pope drawing a line to separate the two empires.

What was Jacques Cartier’s goal during his voyages to the Americas?

To find the Northwest Passage to Asia.

What happened during Cartier’s first voyage to the Americas?

He met the Iroquois, kidnapped the leader’s children, and did not spend the winter in North America.

What was the main goal of Jacques Cartier's second voyage?

To explore the St. Lawrence Gulf and river to find a passage to Asia but couldn't pass the rapids.

What was the outcome of Jacques Cartier’s third voyage?

Cartier tried to establish a permanent settlement, but due to harsh conditions and conflict, he returned to France with fake diamonds and gold.

What caused tension between Catholics and Protestants in France?

The sale of indulgences and the rapid growth of Protestantism in France led to the Council of Trent, which aimed to counter the Protestant Reformation.

Why did France want to colonize parts of South America and Florida in the 1500s?

For both religious and commercial reasons.

• What likely caused the disappearance of Iroquoian tribes when the French returned?

It is believed that epidemics, famine, or conflict with other tribes led to their disappearance.

What was Samuel de Champlain’s contribution to New France?

He led the exploration and settlement of the St. Lawrence Gulf and Valley, establishing the first official settlement of New France in 1608.

Why was the fur trade significant to France’s colonization of the Americas?

The fur trade became a global market, with France positioning itself as a major supplier of fur, particularly for felt hats, which were in high demand across Europe.

What were the primary reasons for the French forming alliances with Indigenous groups?

For commercial viability (fur trade) and to secure food sources.

What was the goal of the Company of the Hundred Associates?

To profit from the fur trade and bring 4000 settlers to New France by 1653.

What was the main focus of the Jesuit missions in New France?

To convert Indigenous people to Catholicism, combat "the devil’s work," and educate settlers and Indigenous peoples.

What were some of the strategies used by Jesuits in their education of Indigenous peoples?

Baptizing the sick without consent, undermining the authority of shamans and women, and using drama to appeal to emotions.

What was the role of the Ursuline nuns in New France?

They focused on educating and caring for settlers and converting Indigenous peoples, particularly through teaching.

What are some similarities and differences between Jesuit schools for Indigenous children and later residential schools?

Both were run by religious orders, but treatment and methods differed.

What was the story of Pastedechuan and his experience with the French missionaries?

Pastedechuan was a young Indigenous boy sent to France, where he was converted to Catholicism but later rejected by his own people upon returning to his community.

What were the first alliances the French formed with Indigenous peoples?

• The French first allied with the Innu and Algonquin nations.

• They formed alliances for mutual protection against regular raids and attacks.

• The Wendat (Huron) and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) spoke the same language but had strained relationships.

What is the Mourning War complex in Indigenous warfare?

• War was tied to honor, family, and community.

• Causes of war included killing, wounding, capturing, suspicion of theft, and public insults.

• Goals included avenging deaths, expressing grief, gaining captives, adoption, and ritual torture.

How did the Haudenosaunee expand, and what was the result of their alliance with the French?

• Haudenosaunee doubled their land during the first year of war, showing growth.

• The French made an alliance with the Haudenosaunee for 20 years.

What were some of the early impacts of colonialism on Indigenous tribes?

• Hunting and trading patterns were changed.

• Conversion to Catholicism.

• Diseases, such as smallpox, devastated populations.

• The loss of elderly wisdom disrupted the transmission of cultural knowledge.

How did epidemics affect Indigenous communities during colonial times?

• Epidemics caused confusion, with some Indigenous healers attributing sickness to spirits.

• The spread of disease was exacerbated by social practices, such as isolating sick individuals together.

• Populations were decimated, leading to the Haudenosaunee initiating Mourning Wars to replenish their ranks.

What were the consequences of the fall of Wendake (Huron territory)?

• Wendake became vulnerable to Haudenosaunee raids, particularly Montreal.

• The Wendat moved to Orleans Island but felt insecure without French protection, so they eventually returned.

• A small population made the colony vulnerable to attacks.

What changes did Louis XIV implement regarding New France in 1661?

• Louis XIV took direct control over New France, marking the beginning of royal absolutism.

• The French king appointed governors to represent him in New France and intendants for legislation and administration.

What was the structure of governance in New France under Louis XIV?

• The Governor represented the king's authority.

• The Intendant managed legislation, administration, and finance.

• The Superior Council served as the highest court, presided over by the Intendant.

What role did the Carignan-Salières Regiment play in New France?

• French soldiers were sent to defend New France from Haudenosaunee raids.

• Their presence led to a peace agreement with the Haudenosaunee two years after their arrival.

Who were the King’s Daughters (Filles du Roy), and what was their role?

• 800 women were sent by Louis XIV to New France at the king's expense to increase the population.

• They were mostly orphans from France and were encouraged to marry within 15 days to retain fishing and hunting licenses.

• Their arrival boosted immigration and population growth in New France.

What was the role of indentured servants in New France?

• Indentured servants were young men who worked under contract for a set period.

• Many returned to France after their contracts, but some stayed and settled in New France.

Seigneurial System in New France

• A land management system based on the French feudal model.

• Seigneurs were granted land, and habitants (tenant farmers) worked it.

• It helped organize the agricultural development of New France.

What were the economic challenges faced by New France?

• Control of the fur trade was difficult, and the Company of 100 Associates lost its monopoly.

• The French West India Company was created in 1664 to regulate fur trading, but it failed to control settlers’ activities.

• In 1681, licenses were issued for fur trading, but the system was ineffective.

How did territorial expansion address the issues faced by New France?

• Expanding fur trade posts helped economic growth.

• The military presence protected settlers from Haudenosaunee raids.

• Exploration aimed at finding a westward water route to the Pacific Ocean.

What were significant events in Europe around 1453?

-1453: End of the Hundred Years' War – French House of Valois gains control over Brittany and Normandy.

-Fall of Constantinople – The capital of the Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire.

What technological advancements aided European exploration before Columbus?

• The Astrolabe was used for navigation.

• Zheng He, a Chinese explorer and navigator, sailed during the Ming Dynasty (1371-1435), influencing later global exploration.

What was the Reconquista in Spain?

• A Spanish Christian Crusade to reclaim territories from Muslim rule.

• 1469: Unification of Castille and Aragon.

• 1492: The fall of Granada (the last Muslim stronghold in Spain).

• 1492: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella fund Columbus’s voyage to the Americas.

What was the significance of the Tordesillas Treaty (1494)?

• It divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal, establishing spheres of influence for each country in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

Who was Giovanni Cabotto (John Cabot), and what was his role in European exploration?

• Cabot was an Italian explorer who sailed under the English flag.

• He was granted a patent by King Henry VII of England in March 1496 to explore the New World, leading to his voyage in 1497.

Why do we use terms like "contact," "encounter," or "European explorations" when discussing the 15th and 16th-century meetings between the Americas and Europe?

• These terms reflect the historical perspective of European explorers and their encounters with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

• They are used to avoid imposing a Eurocentric narrative on the Indigenous experience and to acknowledge the complex and varied nature of these interactions.

What was the Little Ice Age, and how did it contribute to the encounter between Europe and the Americas?

-The Little Ice Age was a period of cooler temperatures, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, which lasted from roughly 1300-1850.

-It impacted agriculture and living conditions in Europe, pushing Europeans to explore new lands for resources and trade.

What were the political, cultural, and technological developments that led to the European Age of Exploration?

-Political: Stronger monarchies (e.g., Spain’s unification, Portugal’s maritime power).

-Cultural: The Renaissance inspired a desire for knowledge and exploration.

-Technological: Advancements in navigation tools (e.g., astrolabe), shipbuilding (e.g., caravel), and maps made long-distance travel possible.

What impact did Haudenosaunee military success have on their population?

• The Haudenosaunee population became diverse due to military success, allowing them to maintain demographic levels despite high mortality rates from epidemics.

• Some villages, like the Seneca and Mohawk, had more foreigners than locals.

• Some refugees, including Catholic converts, lived in Haudenosaunee villages unwillingly.

Why did people leave Haudenosaunee villages and start new settlements?

• Internal conflict and disagreements with the cycle of war led many to move.

• Some Haudenosaunee sought to be closer to their Wendat family in Quebec.

• People left to escape the continuous cycle of war and its impacts on their communities.

What was the first settlement mission in 1677, and what was its outcome?

-The mission lasted ten years, with smaller missions lasting only two years.

-These villages were culturally diverse in their first 50 years, as they moved and found their place in the area.

What was the status of indigenous mission settlements under French rule?

-The French governor urged the conversion of Indigenous people to Catholicism under the king’s rule.

-Despite conversion, Indigenous people maintained sovereignty and alliances with the French.

-Eventually, the French granted seigneurie to the communities, leading to the creation of reservations.

Why did Indigenous groups move around during this time?

• Land exhaustion and the detrimental impact of alcohol on communities led to migration.

• The French prohibited the trade of alcohol with Indigenous communities to prevent violence and maintain alliances.

What role did the French play in controlling and organizing Indigenous communities?

• The French tried to exert control through planning and diplomatic relations with Indigenous groups.

• They helped shape settlements and acted as intermediaries in Indigenous matters.

What happened to the Kanaquake community by 1750?

• A wall was built around the community, and longhouses began transforming into European-style stone houses.

• The community became more structured with separate areas for different Indigenous groups (e.g., Wendat, Iroquois, Algonquin).

What was the British colonization process, and how did it impact Indigenous communities?

-British colonization began in the 1620s, with a population of around 100,000 by the 1670s.

-Indigenous communities didn’t see the French as a threat, but the growing population in New England caused Indigenous people to slowly move away.

What was the King Philip's War and its significance?

• The war started with Indigenous attacks and raids on British settlements, leading to a two-year conflict.

• 300 Indigenous people were killed, with only one British soldier dying.

• Many Wabanaki families fled to the St. Lawrence Valley, resulting in a loss of 40% of the Indigenous population.

How did the Haudenosaunee interact with the French during the raids?

• The Haudenosaunee realized that the French were exploiting peace deals by secretly exploring their lands.

• Haudenosaunee scouts were seen near Montreal, and tensions increased between the French and Haudenosaunee.

What was King William’s War, and how did it affect the Haudenosaunee and French relations?

• A European conflict that escalated into colonial grounds, with the Haudenosaunee siding with the British against the French.

• The French retaliated during this period of Haudenosaunee raids.

What was the Great Peace of Montreal, and what impact did it have?

-The Great Peace of Montreal (1701) was a peace treaty that ended years of conflict between the French and Haudenosaunee.

-It solidified the French as a diplomatic force and reliable intermediaries in Indigenous matters.

What were the consequences of the Seven Years' War (1755-1760) for the French, Haudenosaunee, and the New France colony?

• The Foundation of Detroit in 1701 helped pacify the Great Lawrence Valley.

• The Haudenosaunee remained neutral during the war but later became involved.

• The French and their governor became important diplomatic intermediaries in Indigenous affairs.

What was the Great Peace of Montreal, and how did it impact French and Haudenosaunee relations?

-The Great Peace of Montreal (1701) was a peace treaty that ended ongoing conflict between the French and Haudenosaunee.

-During the Haudenosaunee raids, the French often retaliated, aiming to weaken the Haudenosaunee’s ally, the British.

How did the Haudenosaunee respond during the Seven Years’ War (1755-1760)?

• The Haudenosaunee remained neutral throughout most of the Seven Years’ War.

• They were not directly involved in the conflict until its later stages.

What was the significance of the Foundation of Detroit in 1701?

• The Foundation of Detroit (1701) played a key role in pacifying the Great Lawrence Valley.

• It helped strengthen French control in the region and stabilize the area.

What was the significance of the Foundation of Detroit in 1701?

• The Foundation of Detroit (1701) played a key role in pacifying the Great Lawrence Valley.

• It helped strengthen French control in the region and stabilize the area.

How were the Iroquoians of the Saint-Lawrence identified as a distinct group?

-They were identified through linguistic analysis (Cartier’s lexicon).

-Archaeology, particularly the study of pottery, revealed a clear cultural distinction from other Iroquoian groups.

What were the hypotheses regarding the causes of the disappearance of the Iroquoians of the Saint-Lawrence?

• Conflicts and assimilation by other Indigenous communities.

• The Little Ice Age which affected their survival and resources.

• Epidemics, particularly diseases brought by Europeans.

What was Champlain’s role in French exploration and settling in the Saint-Lawrence Gulf and Valley?

-Champlain led French exploration and settlement in the Saint-Lawrence Gulf and Valley.

-He played a key role in establishing French presence in the region.

How did the motivations for French exploration and colonization change over the 16th century?

-Initially focused on finding a new route to Asia, trade (especially fur), and spreading Christianity.

-Over time, motivations shifted towards establishing permanent colonies and expanding France’s influence in North America.

What were the first impacts of European encounters on Indigenous people?

-Introduction of diseases like smallpox, which devastated Indigenous populations.

-Cultural exchange, including the introduction of new technologies and trade goods.

-Displacement due to European settlement and the shift in land use and resources.

How did Indigenous people explain their ideas when they couldn't communicate in the same language with Europeans?

• Indigenous people used drawings, comparisons, and external demonstrations to explain their ideas.

• They sometimes used gestures, or even a stick to trace their ideas on the ground.

• Awkward or indecent gestures were preferred over lengthy speeches when explaining things.

• Limited vocabulary meant they struggled to express concepts like sanctification, the Trinity, or angels.

What were some concepts Indigenous people struggled to express due to language limitations?

• Concepts such as glory, Trinity, Holy Spirit, resurrection, paradise, hell, church, faith, hope, and charity were absent from their vocabulary.

• Missionaries had to use paraphrases to explain these complex religious ideas.

What were the essential qualities needed for missionaries to work among Indigenous people?

• Being God-fearing, patient, and filled with profound charity was crucial.

• Knowledge was not as important as having the right moral qualities to convert Indigenous people.

What was the story of Pastedechouan and his experiences between two worlds?

• 1608: Birth of Pastedechouan.

• 1620: Entrusted to the French Récollets.

• 1621-1626: Baptized and educated in France.

• 1626: Returns to Innu people but is rejected.

• 1629-1632: Acts as a trader and interpreter for the Kirke Brothers.

• 1632: Returns to French, struggles with his Innu roots and Catholic faith, issues with alcoholism.

• 1633: Becomes an interpreter and teaches Innu language to Jesuit Paul LeJeune.

• 1635: Dies; Jesuits shift focus to the Wendat people.

Who were the Jesuits and what was their role in the New World?

• Founded in 1540, they were a powerful force of the Counter-Reformation.

• They were politically agile, influential in royal courts, and educators.

• Jesuits developed the Ratio Studiorum in 1599, adapting their pedagogy to the socio-cultural contexts of the Indigenous people they encountered.

What were some Jesuit pedagogical strategies used in their missionary efforts?

1. Baptizing the sick and dying, even without consent, to save their souls.

2. Undermining authority of shamans and women within Indigenous communities.

3. Using drama and emotional appeals in their teachings.

4. Advocating the supremacy of the written word.

Who were the Ursulines and Marie de l'Incarnation?

• The Ursulines were a feminine religious order focused on educating Canadian and Indigenous girls.

• They arrived in Québec in 1639, and their first convent was built in 1642.

• By the 18th century, the school mostly educated Canadian girls.

What were Marie de l'Incarnation’s contributions to Indigenous education?

• Marie de l'Incarnation worked on teaching Indigenous languages to her fellow nuns.

• She wrote an Algonquin dictionary, a catechism in Iroquois, and other educational materials in Indigenous languages.

• She believed that learning these languages required great perseverance and she provided her sisters with the tools to continue her work.

Why were French settlers, particularly missionaries, so intent on learning Indigenous languages, and what strategies did they use?

• French missionaries needed to understand Indigenous cultures and languages to effectively teach Christianity.

• They used strategies such as drama, emotional appeals, baptizing the sick, and undermining Indigenous authority.

Could the French settlement of Québec, founded in 1608, have survived without the alliances with Indigenous people?

• No, the survival of Québec heavily depended on alliances with Indigenous people for trade, military support, and mutual survival in the harsh environment.

What were the main causes behind the fall of Wendake?

1. Smallpox epidemics (1634–1639): Estimated to have killed half of the Wendat population.

2. Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) raids (1640s): Wendat population was either killed or captured during these attacks.

3. Wendat abandonment (1647–1649): The Wendat were forced to abandon their villages and seek refuge elsewhere due to constant threats.

What was the impact of the Jesuits’ presence in Wendake during this period?

• The Jesuits established the first Christian Indigenous settlement in 1637 at Kamiskouaouangachit, inhabited by Christian convert Algonquin people.

• Their efforts contributed to the conversion of some Indigenous groups to Christianity, impacting both cultural dynamics and relationships within communities.

What was the Wendat diaspora and how did it affect the colony of New France?

• The Wendat diaspora resulted in the displacement of Wendat people, who sought refuge in various areas after the fall of Wendake.

• The impact on the colony included:

  • Vulnerability of settlements like Montréal to Haudenosaunee raids.

  • Disruption of the fur trade and supply chain, particularly involving the Wendat and Algonquins of the Ottawa River.

  • Loss of an important food supplier (grains) for the colony and other non-farming Indigenous communities.

How did epidemics contribute to the fall of Wendake?

• Between 1634 and 1639, smallpox epidemics devastated the Wendat population, killing half of their people.

• This created a significant demographic loss, weakening the Wendat’s ability to resist external threats like the Haudenosaunee raids.

How did Haudenosaunee raids contribute to the fall of Wendake?

• In the 1640s, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) launched several raids on Wendat territory, killing and capturing many Wendats.

• These constant attacks led to the destruction of Wendat villages and forced the Wendat people to seek refugeelsewhere.

What is mourning war and how did it influence Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and Wendat actions during this period?

-Mourning war is a concept where war was waged to avenge the death or capture of relatives or to express grief over the loss of loved ones.

• Goals of mourning war included:

  • Avenging the death of kin.

  • Adoption and assimilation of captives.

  • Ritual torture and execution of captives to fulfill grief and to maintain the social and spiritual balance of the community.

• This practice shaped the Haudenosaunee’s aggressive attacks on the Wendat and influenced the Wendat’s need to seek refuge

How did French alliances impact the conflict between the Wendat and Haudenosaunee?

• French and Wendat alliance (1609): The French provided military and trade support to the Wendat, strengthening their position against Haudenosaunee raids.

• Haudenosaunee resentment: The French alliance with the Wendat increased Haudenosaunee hostility toward both the French and the Wendat, fueling more frequent raids on Wendat settlements.

How did the relocation of Wendat people affect the colony of New France?

• As the Wendat abandoned their villages due to continuous Haudenosaunee raids, they sought refuge in various locations, including near Québec.

• This migration disrupted the fur trade networks and supply chains, and reduced the food supply for the colony.

Can you explain the combinations of events that led to the fall of Wendake?

• Epidemics (smallpox) decimated the population.

• Haudenosaunee raids targeted Wendat settlements, leading to death, capture, and displacement.

• The Wendat were forced to abandon their villages, and the diaspora weakened their influence and impact on the colony.

When was the Pointe-aux-Tremble Mill built, and what significance does it hold?

• The Pointe-aux-Tremble Mill was built between 1719 and 1720.

• It is one of Québec’s oldest mills and is a heritage of the seigneurial system.

What is the significance of the Seigneurial Manor of Mauvide-Genest in New France?

• The Seigneurial Manor of Mauvide-Genest is located in Saint-Jean, Île d'Orléans, and represents the heritage of the seigneurial system in New France.

• It is part of the Virtual Museum of New France.

What does the Cadastral map of Québec (1709) show?

• The Cadastral map of Québec (1709) shows the early land divisions and settlements in the colony, including the territories of the Seigneuries and their locations.

What role did new religious institutions play in the development of New France?

What role did new religious institutions play in the development of New France?

What agricultural development occurred in Montréal during the early colonial period?

• Montréal became known as the garden and orchard of the colony, largely due to the Sulpicians who managed the Seigneuries.

• A map from 1805 shows Montréal’s land divisions, with parishes of Île Jésus and the northern and southern banks of the Saint Lawrence River.

What happened to the Company of Hundred Associates in New France?

• The Company of Hundred Associates was dissolved, and the French West India Company became the royal monopolistic company overseeing trade in 1664.

• This change aimed to better regulate fur trading and encourage settlement and agriculture.

What role did the French West India Company play in regulating the fur trade?

• The French West India Company was established in 1664 to monopolize the fur trade in New France.

• It regulated fur trading through the license or ‘congé’ system, which controlled trading activities and encouraged settlement and agriculture.

What was the purpose of territorial expansion in New France under Louis XIV?

• Territorial expansion helped solve several issues, such as:

  • Establishing fur trade posts.

  • Providing military protection against the Haudenosaunee.

  • Exploring the continent for a water route to the West.

  • Securing French territorial claims against the British.

What was the significance of Louisiana and the exploration of the Mississippi in 1682?

• Louisiana was founded in 1682 as part of the French efforts to expand territorial claims in North America.

• Exploration of the Mississippi River and the founding of Louisiana were part of efforts to find a western routetowards the Pacific.

Did Louis XIV’s reforms change French motivations for colonization, or did they merely intensify existing motivations?

• Louis XIV’s reforms did not drastically change French motivations for colonization but rather intensified and focused them.

• Reforms aimed at strengthening royal control, promoting settlement and agriculture, and expanding the fur trade.

What were some of the immediate consequences of Louis XIV’s reforms?

1. Increased royal control over the colony through the French West India Company and other mechanisms.

2. Encouragement of settlement and agricultural development, especially in Montréal.

3. Expansion of French territorial claims through exploration and military protection, including the establishment of Louisiana.

What is the significance of Caliban in the history of European colonization?

• Caliban was the first place that Columbus began colonizing.

• From there, European powers explored and colonized various islands during the 16th century.

• Many of these islands were later abandoned by Europeans.

What role did the British and Dutch play in colonization during the 17th century?

• The British and Dutch focused on occupying lands that were not already colonized by the Spanish.

• Their priority was to attack Spanish holdings in the Americas.

• Over time, they began to adopt the Spanish plantain setup for agricultural production.

How did France establish its presence in the Caribbean during the 17th century?

• France established a foothold in the Caribbean by occupying various islands, particularly the Isle de Dominique.

• This period also marked France’s involvement in the transatlantic slave trade.

What happened to the Isle de Dominique between France and Spain?

• In 1997, Spain officially recognized France as having control over the Isle de Dominique.

• The island was then split into French and Spanish halves.

• It became one of the most lucrative islands for the production of sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton.

What was the Code Noir des Antilles (1685), and what did it establish regarding slavery in French colonies?

• The Code Noir des Antilles was a set of laws that outlined the treatment of enslaved people in French colonies.

• It defined slavery and established regulations on what slaves could and could not do.

• It also stated that slaves could technically be freed, but in practice, the code allowed for severe restrictions on their rights.