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What is primary data?
collected first hand
What are the strengths and limitations of primary data?
+up to date
+accurate
-costly
-time consuming
what is secondary data?
data previously collected from someone else
what are the strengths and limitations of secondary data?
+quick
+cheap
-there is no extra information
-not up to date
What is qualitative data?
descriptive data
What are the strengths and limitations of qualitative data?
+can probe deeply
+more in depth
-time consuming
-difficult to analyse
what is quantitive data?
numbers obtained by counting or measuring
What are the strengths and limitations of quantitative data?
+Easy to analyse
+data collected faster
-lacks depth
what are ethical issues?
-informed consent
-confidentiality and privacy
-vulnerable groups
-covert research
What are theoretical issues?
-Validity
-Reliability
-representative
-methodological perspective
What are practical issues?
-time
-money
-personal skills/characteristics
-research opportunity
what are the ethical issues?
-informed consent
-confidentiality
-harm to participants
-vulnerable groups
-covert research
what are the theoretical issues?
-validity
-reliability
-representative
what is a sample?
a subset of the population
what is a sampling frame?
A list of all the members of the population we are interested in studying
What is generalization?
when the findings are representative so we can generalise it to everyone.
What is a pilot study?
a smaller version of a proposed study and researchers frequently conduct these to refine the methodology / strengthen future study design.
what is a random sample?
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
What is a systematic sample?
When every nth member of the target population is selected
what is stratified sample?
Breaks down the population and sample is divided into three proportions.
What is quota sampling?
population is broken down and told who should speak to
what is snowballing?
they speak to one person who will get them in touch with someone else.
What is a disadvantage of questionnaires?
-only a snapshot
-low response rate
-practical problems
-detachment
-imposing the researchers meaning
-inflexibility
What is an advantages of questionnaires?
-reliability
-ethical issues
-hypothesis testing
-representative
What is a non-participant observation?
The researcher doesn't take part within the research
What is participant observation?
the researcher is involved in the situation
what is an overt observation?
doing it in the open
What is a covert observation?
Participants' behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent.
What is structured interview?
asking the same questions in the same order
What is a unstructured interview?
when there is no set questions or guidance on the questions.
What is a semi-structured interview?
having an outline of questions to follow but with flexibility
what is a group interview?
mostly interviewing one by one but in a group.
what is an example of secondary data?
Official statistics
what are the three types of documents?
-public
-personal
-historical
What is a laboratory experiment?
an experiment conducted in a controlled environment
what is an advantage and disadvantage of lab experiments?
+controlled
+observe variables
+removes bias
+replicable
+generalise
-lacks validity
-ethical issues
-society can't fit into a lab
-Hawthorne effet
What is a field experiment?
An experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV
what is an advantage and disadvantage of field experiment?
+real life applications
+follows behaviour in natural setting
+insight into meaning
+no Hawthorne effect
-impossible to control variables
-ethical issues
-skills of observer
what is a comparative method?
Carried out in the mind of the sociologist
What are the advantages and disadvantages of comparative method?
+avoids artificiality
+studies past events
+no ethical problems
-less control over variables
what are the practical issues of researching teachers?
+once teacher is accessible they are all in one place.
-difficult to keep from gatekeepers
-constricted by their timetable.
what are the ethical issues of researching teachers?
ensure the confidentiality, make sure it is not covert.
What are the theoretical issues of researching teachers?
-impressing management
-not high validity
-unrepresentative
Researching education
-school as a space
-power relationships
-using school data
researching pupils
-power and status
-ability and understanding
-peer groups
-gatekeepers
-vulnerability
-laws and guidance
what experiment could be conducted?
teachers expectations
labelling
classroom interactions
self-fulfilling prophecy.
what are limitations of using questionnaires in schools?
-not operationalised
-could deny access
-might not have data recorded in the way they want it
-could be rushed
-parents or pupils might not want to answer the questions
-they could discuss the answer or peer pressure
-safeguarding concern
-detached methods
-refuse to participant
-invalid picture
-some people may not answer
what are the strengths of questionnaires in school?
-Large scale data
-generalise
-higher response rate
-less time
-anonymous
-easy to code
-distribution is easy pupils are easy to access
what are the practical issue of researching education using interviews?
-Access
-Communication channel and validity
-young people linguistic skills are less developed
what is a validity issue of researching education using interviews?
-language and validity
-'teacher in disguise'
what is a limitation of researching education using interviews?
-Location of the research
what is a strength of researching education using interviews?
-Group interview with pupils
what is a power and status of researching education using interviews?
-Parents-power and status
what is a reliability issue of researching education using interviews?
-reliable and validity
what are the strengths of statistics on education?
-large data
-representative
-free
-easy to make comparisons
-heavily representative
what are the limitation of statistics on education?
-government collect data for their needs not sociological research
-government could change
-schools can manipulate attendance
-lack validity
what are the strengths of documents in education?
-easily accessible
-important insight and high validity
what is the limitation of documents in education?
-personal documents more difficult to access
In the methods in context exam, when outlining an issue what does PERVERT stand for?
-Practical issues
-Ethical issues
-Reliability
-Validity
-Examples
-Representativeness
-Theoretical
which data do positivists like?
-Quantitate
which date do interpretists like?
-Qualitative
