bio paper 1 key words

carbohydrases

break down carbohydrates into simple sugars eg amylase breaks down starch

proteases

break down proteins into amino acids

which protease if found in the stomach

pepsin at pH 2

lipases

break down lipids into glycerol and three fatty acids

what are the products of digestion used for

to build new carbohydrates lipids and proteins some glucose is used in respiration

the role of bile

made in the liver stored in the gall bladder - neutralises the hydrochloric acid in the stomach -it emulsifies fats which increases the surface area - the alkaline condition and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase

what type of blood enters the right atrium

deoxygenated blood

where is the pace maker found in the heart

the right atrium

what is transpiration

the process where plants release water vapour into the atmosphere

what is translocation

the movement of dissolved substances eg sugars to where they need to go

what is the role of the stomata and guard cells

gas exchange and water loss

what are pathogens

microorganisms that cause disease

how are pathogens spread

direct contact, water and air

what is measles

a viral disease that causes fever and red skin rash - can be fatal - most young children are vaccinated

how is measles spread

inhalation of droplets of sneezes and coughs

hiv

viral disease - causes a flu like illness - late stage of infection is aids -controlled by antiretroviral drugs

how is hiv spread

through sexual contact - exchange of bodily fluids

tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)

viral disease - plant pathogen - discolouration of leaves - affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis

salmonella

bacterial disease - food poisoning - spread by bacteria ingested in food - poultry are vaccinated against it - fever vomiting caused by bacteria toxins

gonorrhoea

bacterial disease - sexually transmitted disease - thick yellow discharge from vagina or penis - pain urinating - at first was treated with penicillin but bacteria became resistant - can be controlled with antibiotics and protected sex

who discovered penecillin

alexander flemming

what plant does aspirin originate from

willow

what plant does digitalis originate from

foxglove

rose black spots

fungal disease - purple or black spots on leaves which turn yellow - affects growth of plant due to reduced photosynthesis - spread by wind and water - treated with fungicides or removing infected leaves

protist disease

the pathogen that cause malaria are protists - uses a mosquito as a vector - causes fever can be fatal - controlled by preventing vectors from breeding - using nets

human defence systems

skin - acts as a barrier secretes antimicrobial substances

hairs and mucus - trap particles - trachea and bronchi secrete mucus stomach - produces hydrochloric acid

how do white blood cells defend against pathogen

phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxin production

how do vaccinations work

they introduce inactive pathogen to the body - stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies which are stored and on reinfection wbc will have a rapid response

antibiotics

penicillin - kills bacteria - however bacteria can become resistant - cant kill viruses

what is the role of pain killers

used to treat symptoms of viral diseases but dont kill the pathogen

drugs for viruses

difficult to produce without damaging body tissue

heart drug

digitalis made from foxglove

give an example of a painkiller

aspirin

what is digitalis used for

a heart drug

alexander flemming

discovered penecillin from mould

drug trials stage 1

preclinical testing on cells, tissues, and animals to test for toxicity dosage and efficacy

drug trials stage 2

clinical trials on healthy volunteers at low dosage to monitor safety and side effects and then can find optimum dose

drug trials stage 3

double blind trials using a placebo - doctors dont know

how are monoclonal antibodies made

by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make antibodies - then combine them with a tumour cell which makes a hybridoma cell they then divide rapidly to make the antibody

what can monoclonal antibodies be used for

pregnancy tests - measure hormone levels - detect pathogens - locate molecules in cells - treat some diseases eg cancer

how can plant diseases be spotted

stunted growth - spots on leaves - decay - growths - discolouration - pests

how to identify plant diseases

gardening manual - website - take to lab - testing kits

what are nitrate ions needed for

protein synthesis

what are magnesium ions needed for

to make chlorophyll

nitrate deficiency

stunted growth

magnesium deficiency

chlorosis

physical plant defence systems

cell walls - waxy cuticle - dead cells

chemical plant defence systems

antibacterial chemicals - poisons to deter herbivores

mechanical plant defence systems

thorns - hairs - leaves that droop when touched - mimicry

plant tissue structure

epidermal tissue thin to let light in - palisade mesophyll contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis - spongy mesophyll contains air gaps to allow gases to flow into - xylem and phloem transport substances around the plant - lower epidermal tissue - guard cells and stomata

what is glucose used for in plants

respiration - converted into starch - produce fat for storage - produce cellulose - produce amino acids

response to exercise (extra)

blood through muscles transports lactic acid to the liver to be converted back into glucose

what is respiration

the process of transferring glucose which happens in every cell

what is metabolism

the sum of all the reactions in a cell of body

What is energy from respiration used for in humans

Keeping warm, muscle contraction, active transport, building larger molecules

what is glucose used For in plants

Respiration, making protein making lipids, making cellulose /starch, to build larger molecules from smaller molecules