Biology: Macromolecules - Carbohydrates and Lipids

Elements that make up 95% ​of living organisms (by weight):

1)    C = Carbon​

2)    H = Hydrogen​

3)    N = Nitrogen​

4)    O = Oxygen​

5)    P = Phosphorus​

6)    S = Sulfur​

why is carbon important

it is the building blocks of life (found in all living things)

how many bonds can it form with other atoms

Can form up to 4 bonds with carbon or other atoms 

how many general structures do carbon-based molecules have

o   Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures:

 

what the three main general strucutres for carbon-based molecules

-  straight chain 

-   branched chain 

-    ring 

how strong are carbon based molecules

Carbon-carbon bonds are extremely strong and stable.  

Most of the matter in your body that is not water is made of

organic compounds

what are organic compounds

any compound whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen.

 

what are molecules with both carbon and hydrogen known as

known “hydrocarbons”)

what are biomolecules

Molecules from all living molecules

where are biomolecules found

Only found in living organism.

what are inorganic compounds

 Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon

what are examples of inorganic compounds

ex: CO2, H2O

where are biomolecules produced

Produced in and out of organism 

what makes salt

Na+ Cl- (salt). 

biomolecules are found in

inside living organisms 

Biological molecules are typically in size

large molecules constructed from smaller subunits. 

many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits that are

bonded together. 

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together are

These are called Macromolecules. 

Biological Macromolecules

are essential for all living organisms

Biological Macromolecules are large molecules made of small subunits that are essential for all living organisms are also called

polymers

what are MONOMERs

a small molecule that is a single subunit in a much larger molecule 

mono means

one

mer means

molecules

what are POLYMERS  

are LARGE MOLECULES made of MONOMERS (SMALLER MOLECULES) BONDED together. 

“POLY” =

MANY “MER” = molecules 

Macromolecules of life: 

o   Carbohydrates 

o   Lipids

o   Proteins 

o   Nucleic Acids

Elements of Carbohydrates 

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen atoms

what is the ratio of them

1:2:1 ratio

twice as many H to C or O 

 Biological Functions of Carbhydrates

1. Provide fast energy 

2. Short-term energy storage 

3. Structural support in cell wall of plants 

structure of a monomer carbohydrate

monosaccharide 
(single sugar)

structure of a polymer carbohydrate

 polysaccharide (chain of sugar)

carbohydrates are used as the main source of

immediate energy

Simple sugars provide

fast energy

complex sugrs provide

slow energy

simple sugar examples

Monosaccharide , glucose

Disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose 

Complex sugars examples

-Polysaccharide: starch, cellulose, glycogen

Carbohydrates are

Saccharides

monosaccharides are

simple suagrs

what is glucose

major source of energy in cells

Disaccharide is 

double sugar, two monosaccharides

example of disaccharide

surcorse

what is sucrose

table sugar

di means

two

Polysaccharids is made of

3 or more sugars - complex sugars

examples of polysaccharide

starch, glycogen, cellulose

what is starch

plants store food as starch

what is glycogen

stored lin liver and muscles for quick energy

what is cellulose

structural support for plants

what are the elements in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are the biological function for lipids

1.    Nonpolar molecules

2.    Insulation

3.    Waterproofing

4.    Long term energy storage

5.    Make up the cell membrane

what does non polar molecules mean

NOT soluble in water

what are examples of lipids

fats, Phospholipids, Waxes, Oils, Steroid 

fats that are liquid at room temperature are called

oils

what is the monomer of lipid

fatty acid and glycerol

what is the polymer

lipid molecule

functions of lipids

1 Energy storage

2. Insulation 

3. Cell structure (membrane/waterproof)

4. Some Hormones

fats may be

be saturated or unsaturated*

Saturated fats contain

fatty acids in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

 Unsaturated fats have

 

fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. 

saturated fats are

usually solid and unhealthy

example of saturated fats

butter

structure of saturated fats

contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and all bonds betwen carbon are single bond

unsaturated fats are

usually liquid and healthier

example of unsaturated fats

olive oil

strucutre of unsaturated fats

Contains fewer hydrogen atoms due to presence of double bonds between carbon atoms