Investigating Science 11 - Module 1

oberservation

a direct and factual statement based on what is seen, heard, or experienced. It involves using the senses to gather information.

Inference

a logical interpretation or conclusion based on observations and prior knowledge. Involves making educated guesses or predictions and are based on evidence and reasoning.

Qualitative data

Observations describes using descriptive words

Limitations:

* Data may vary between scientists
* Hard to put into statistics

Quantitative data

Data expressed as numbers and often in units and allows for statiscal analysis and comparison. Numerical data

Limitations:

* It may not capture the full complexity of a phenomenon.
* It can be influenced by sampling bias.
* It may not provide a complete understanding of a research topic.
* It requires careful design and planning to ensure validity and reliability.

Testable Question

A question that can be answered by collecting data through observations

Alexander Flemming

He discovered penicillin through observations and inference.

He noticed that a mold called Penicillium was inhibiting the growth of bacteria in his petri dish.

From this, he inferred that the mold was producing a substance that could kill bacteria.

This led to the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, which revolutionized medicine.

Archimedes

He used water displacement to prove if the crown was gold.

He compared the crown's volume to an equal mass of gold.

If the crown's volume was larger, it meant it was not pure gold.

Galileo

He discovered Jupiter's moons through observations: He observed four small points of light near Jupiter that changed position over time.

How does technology improve science observation

It enables scientists to collect accurate and precise data, analyze complex phenomena, and observe microscopic details.

Allowing scientists to observe distant objects and inaccessible environments.

It also facilitates real-time monitoring, data sharing, and collaboration among researchers worldwide, accelerating scientific progress.

Allows for scientists to collect data that is difficult or impossible to access with the limitations of human senses

Rock Strata

Layers of rock that have formed over time.

They provide a record of Earth's history, with older layers found at the bottom and younger layers on top.

Relative Dating

Helps determine the age of rock strata by comparing their positions and characteristics.

Acids

blue litmus to red

conduct electricity

\*pH OF SKIN IS 5.4-5.9

Base (alkaline)

slippery to touch

red litmus to blue

\*pH OF SKIN IS 5.4-5.9

Heliocentric

Model of the solar system where Earth is the centre and all the planets orbit around it.

Geocentric

Model of the solar system where the Sun is the centre and all the planets orbit around it. 

* inquiry question from observations
* Hypotheses
* assess risk
* method

The main steps to a practical investigation are?

Analog technology in science has limitations:


1. Limited precision: Analog devices have finite resolution, leading to potential inaccuracies in measurements.
2. Signal degradation: Analog signals are susceptible to noise and interference, affecting the quality and reliability of data.
3. Limited storage capacity: Analog systems have limited capacity to store and retrieve large amounts of data.
4. Lack of versatility: Analog devices are often designed for specific tasks and lack the flexibility to adapt to different scientific experiments.
5. Difficult data manipulation: Analog data is challenging to manipulate and analyze compared to digital data, hindering complex calculations and simulations.

limitations of analog technology in science

dis - expensive

ad - accurate data (reliability and validity) + less human error

Disadvantages and advantages of using digital technology

\- people from diverse backgrounds will have different strengths and interests \n -they will approach questions differently, producing new research methods, explanation and ideas \n -balances out biases

How people from diverse backgrounds working together is a benefit in science

Firestick Farming

A traditional aboriginal method of farming using fire to predict plant growth and animal hunting

* Tea tree (as a paste to wounds, brewed for sore throats,) now used to treat fungal and acne
* Eucalyptus (brewed for coughs, body pains and fevers) Now commonly used in mouth wash, cough lozenges

Example of a bush medicine traditionally used by aboriginals.

Leaching Toxins (Black bean)

Process of removing toxins from food by soaking or boiling in water. (give example)

* Plants like reeds idk

Provide examples of observations that aboriginal farmers had of the environment to find freshwater

To predict any possible risk and ensure that a plan is put in place to prevent personal injury

Purpose of risk assessment.