Identification Terms (45)

Unit 6 AP Euro

Klemens Von Metternich

Metternich played a pivotal role in the Congress of Vienna, where he helped reshape Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, asserting Austria's status as a great power and advocating for the restoration of monarchies against liberal and nationalist movements.

Adam Smith

Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist whose writings, including "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital," laid the foundation for the theory of Marxism, critiquing capitalism and advocating for a classless society.

Frederick Engle

Friedrich Engels was a prominent revolutionary socialist and collaborator of Karl Marx, known for his critical analysis of industrial capitalism and significant contributions to Marxist theory.

Robert Owen

Robert Owen was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropist, political philosopher and social reformer, and a founder of utopian socialism and the co-operative movement. At New Lanark mill in Scotland he gave workers shorter days, free healthcare and education from childhood to adulthood. His belief in improving the lives of workers helped improve conditions in workplaces all over the world.

Jermy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was a philosopher, economist, jurist, and legal reformer and the founder of modern utilitarianism, an ethical theory holding that actions are morally right if they tend to promote happiness or pleasure (and morally wrong if they tend to promote unhappiness or pain) among all those affected by them.

Louis Philippe

Louis-Philippe is known as the "citizen king" because of his bourgeois manners and clothes, but his reign proves differently. Although Louis-Philippe's government revised the Constitutional Charters of 1814, it is still generally unresponsive to the needs of lower class citizens.

Louis Napolean

Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first president, second emperor, and last monarch of France

Edmund Burke

Edmund Burke, author of Reflections on the Revolution in France, is known to a worldwide public as a classic political thinker: it is less well understood that his intellectual achievement depended upon his understanding of philosophy and use of it in the practical writings and speeches by which he is chiefly known

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism and social liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy.

Thomas Maithus

Who was Thomas Malthus? Thomas Malthus was an English economist and demographer best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on reproduction.

Conservatism

In Western culture, depending on the particular nation and the particular time period, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as the nuclear family, organized religion, the military, the nation-state, property rights, rule of law, aristocracy, and monarchy.

Liberalism

Liberalism sought to replace the norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, the divine right of kings and traditional conservatism with representative democracy, rule of law, and equality under the law.

Nationalism

Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.

Radicalism

"Radicalism" or "radical liberalism" was a political ideology in the 19th century aimed at increasing political and economic equality. The ideology was rooted in a belief in the power of the ordinary man, political equality, and the need to protect civil liberties.

Capitalism

Big-firm capitalism takes advantage of economies of scale. This type is important for mass production of products. Entrepreneurial capitalism produces breakthroughs like the automobile, telephone, and computer. These innovations are usually the product of individuals and new firms.

Communism

Communism is a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the public

Socialism

In theory, based on public benefits, socialism has the greatest goal of common wealth; Since the government controls almost all of society's functions, it can make better use of resources, labors and lands; Socialism reduces disparity in wealth, not only in different areas, but also in all societal ranks and classes.

Feminism

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, women and women's organizations not only worked to gain the right to vote, they also worked for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms. Between 1880 and 1910, the number of women employed in the United States increased from 2.6 million to 7.8 million.

Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations.

Romanticism

Romanticism had a significant and complex effect on politics: Romantic thinking influenced conservatism, liberalism, radicalism, and nationalism. Romanticism prioritized the artist's unique, individual imagination above the strictures of classical form.

Chartism/Chartist Movement

Chartism was a working class movement which emerged in 1836 in London. It expanded rapidly across the country and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes.

Mass Political Parties

Mass politics was essentially the inclusion of the masses in the political process. The first of these mass movements was arguably that for Catholic Emancipation in Ireland, led by Daniel O'Connell. There was a major rise in this from 1880 to 1914, when the vote in Europe was expanded to all men and in some countries, even women were allowed to vote. Mass based political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, economic, and political reform.

Concert of Europe

The Concert of Europe was a general agreement between the great powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence.

Corn Laws

The Corn Laws blocked the import of cheap corn, initially by simply forbidding importation below a set price, and later by imposing steep import duties, making it too expensive to import it from abroad, even when food supplies were short.

Factory System

The factory system was a method of manufacturing that emerged in the late 18th century and early 19th century. It involved the use of specialized machinery, such as power looms and spinning frames, to produce goods on a large scale in a centralized location

Mass Production

Mass production—manufacturing many identical goods at once—was a product of the Industrial Revolution. Henry Ford's Model-T automobile is a good example of early mass production.

Bessemer Process

The bessemer process reduces molten pig iron in so-called bessemer converters—egg-shaped, silica, clay, or dolomite-lined containers with capacities of 5 to 30 tons of molten iron. An opening at the narrow upper portion of the bessemer converter allows iron to be introduced and the finished product to be poured out.

Urban Planning

Urbanization refers to the concentration of human populations into discrete areas. This concentration leads to the transformation of land for residential, commercial, industrial and transportation purposes. It can include densely populated centers, as well as their adjacent periurban or suburban fringes

Congress of Vienna

At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna redefined the map of Europe and established a stable balance between the political powers, which shaped Europe for more than half a century. The Final Act of the Congress records this historically significant event.

Revolutions of 1830/July Revolution

The July Revolution was a major revolution in France in July 1830. It toppled the ascendant King Charles X, a conservative monarchist, and established a new constitutional monarchy under the more moderate nobleman, Louis Philippe.

Revolution of 1848

The revolutions of 1848, also known as the springtime of the peoples were a series of revolutions throughout Europe that spanned almost two years, between January 1848 and October 1849. They remain the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date.

Industrial Revolutions

This transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system.

Irish Potato Famine

The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger, the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine,was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852. It constituted a historical social crisis and had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole.