ANAT1101 Module 15: Blood and Cardiovascular System

Blood

It serves as a transport medium to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and other critical substances; removes waste from the body’s cells; protects the body against infection; helps stabilize the body’s acid-base balance; and helps to regulate body temperature.

Blood

It is a connective tissue with a fluid extracellular matrix.

Blood

It consists of various cell types that exists in a fluid matrix called plasma.

Plasma

It is the liquid component of the blood that consists of 90% water and 10% solutes (proteins like albumin and clotting factors, nutrients, gasses, and hormones).

Serum

It is the fluid like plasma without the clotting factors.

White Blood Cells, platelets, Red Blood Cells

These are the formed elements (cells) in the blood.

Platelets

It is also called as thrombocytes.

Platelets

A cell that is involved in blood clotting.

White Blood Cells

It is a type of cell that protects the body against pathogens.

White Blood Cells

It is also called as leukocytes.

Red Blood Cells

It is also called as erythrocytes.

Red Blood Cells

It is a type of cell that delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Red Bone Marrow

It produces all types of blood cells.

Lymphatic Tissue

It is a type of tissue that produces lymphocytes (B and T cells).

White Blood Cell

It is a type of cell that protects the body against pathogens.

Reticulocytes

These are the immature RBCs. High altitude would trigger the increasing of this cell.

Vascular Spasm

It is the first stage of hemostasis where smooth muscle in blood vessel spasms; blood vessels constrict and blood flow slows.

Platelet Plug

It is the second stage of hemostasis where the exposed collagen fibers in blood vessel walls cause the platelets to become sticky; platelets stick to each other forming temporary plug.

Blood Clotting

It is also called as coagulation, and the third stage of hemostasis.

Blood Clotting

It is the stage of hemostasis where clotting factors start a chain reaction that ends in the production of fibrin, which forms a web at the site for stronger protection.

Fibrin

Insoluble threads that is formed during blood clotting.

Antigen

A molecule that can be recognized by the immune system.

Antibody

It is produced by the immune system; binds to antigens and destroys them.

Pulmonary Circulation

It is the route that delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up more oxygen (and expels carbon dioxide).

Systemic Circulation

It is the route that delivers oxygen-rich blood to tissues in the whole body.

Pericardium

A connective tissue that protects, anchor and reduces friction (serous fluid).

Endocardium

It is the inner epithelial lining.

Cardiac Muscle

It is the type of muscle that contracts the heart.

Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood and move them to the ventricles.

Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart that receives blood from the atria and pump blood out to the lungs and the rest of the body.

Right Atrium

It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and moves it to the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle

It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Left Atrium

It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and moves it to the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle

It pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Atrioventricular Valves

These valves prevents backflow from the ventricles to the atrium.

Tricuspid Valve

It is the right AV valve.

Mitral Valve

It is also called the Bicuspid valve, the left AV valve.

Vena Cava Vessels

It is a great vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart’s right atrium.

Superior Vena Cava

It is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart's right atrium.

Inferior Vena Cava

It is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart's right atrium.

Aorta

It is a great vessel that carries oxygenated blood to every organ in the body from the heart's left ventricle.

Pulmonary Arteries

It is a great vessel that carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart (right ventricle) to lungs and picks up oxygen and returns via the pulmonary veins.

• Deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary Veins

It is a great vessel that carry oxygenated blood to the heart (left atrium) from the lungs.

• Oxygenated blood

Semilunar Valves

It is a heart valve that prevents backflow from the great arteries to the ventricles.

Pulmonary Valve

A heart valve that is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Aortic Valve

A heart valve that is between the left ventricle and aorta.

S1

It sounds like “Lub” and is the closing of the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid).

S2

It sounds like “Dub” and is the closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic).

Pacemaker Cells

It is where the heart generates action potential.

Sinoatrial Node

It is locates in the right atrium and is where the cardiac impulses arise.

Electrocardiogram

It traces the overall electrical activity of the heart.

Systole

Ventricle contraction

Diastole

Relaxation of ventricles.

Cardiac Output

It is the amount of blood heart pumps in 1 minute and is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume.

• Average is 5-6L

Heart rate

The number of beats per minute.

• Average is 60-100

Medulla Oblongata

It is where the cardiac center is.

Proprioceptors

Muscles and joints; physical activity.

Baroreceptors

Aorta and heart arteries; blood pressure.

Chemoreceptors

Aorta, heart arteries, and medulla; gasses and pH.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles.

• 60-80% of the blood in ventricles is ejected.

Preload

It is the amount of tension in ventricular muscle before it contracts.

Contractility

It is the force with which ventricular ejection occurs.

Afterload

It refers to forces in the arteries the ventricles must work against.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated). These are strong and have a thick layer of smooth muscle to resist pressure of the ejected blood.

Capillaries

It connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins. It is where gas exchange occurs. It has extremely thin walls and small diameters that allows for easy diffusion and filtration.

Veins

It returns blood to the heart (usually deoxygenated). It has thinner walls than arteries, are stretchy and have valves to prevent backflow.

Conducting Arteries

Large and elastic arteries that receive large volumes of blood, close to heart.

Distributing Arteries

Muscular arteries that carry blood farther in the body and to organs.

Arterioles

Smallest arteries that controls blood entering organs and blood pressure. It connects to the arterial end of the capillary.

Ascending Aorta

Supply the heart.

Aortic Arch

Supply the head, neck, and arms.

Thoracic Aorta

Supply the thoracic cavity.

Abdominal Aorta

Supply the abdomen and lower extremities.

Large Veins

It is formed by veins coming together.

• Close to heart.

Medium Sized Veins

An elastic veins that move blood closer to heart.

Venules

Smallest veins that connect to the venous end of capillaries.

Diffusion

It allows O2 to move from blood to tissues. It also allows CO2 to move from tissues to blood.

Filtration

It allows plasma and its dissolved nutrients to enter tissues.

• RBC stays in capillaries.

Osmosis

Colloid osmotic pressure sucks tissue fluid and waste into capillaries.

Circulation

It is crucial that blood is constantly flowing to consistently deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes.

Pulmonary Circulation

It is used to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs.

Systemic Circulation

It is used to supply oxygen and nutrients to organs and removes waste.

Coronary Circulation

A special type of systemic circulation.

Coronary Arteries

It supplies oxygen to heart and when blocked can cause heart attack.

Coronary Veins

It collect deoxygenated blood.

Blood Pressure

It is the force exerted by blood against a vessel wall. It is measures as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.