Intro to the Body

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Physiology

study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Regional Gross Anatomy

all structures in one part of the body

Systemic Gross Anatomy

the body studied by system

Surface Gross Anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin

Microscopic Anatomy

cytology and histology

Cytology

study of the cell

Histology

study of tissues

Embryology

study of developmental changes of the body before birth

Principle of Complementarity

function always reflect structure

Chemical Structural Organization

atoms combined to form molecules

Cellular Structural Organization

cells made of molecule

Tissue

consists of similar types of cells

Organ Structural Organization

made of different types of tissues

Organ System

different organs work closely together

Organismal Structural Organization

made of organ systems

Parts of Integumentary System

skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

Parts of Skeletal System

bone, cartilage, and ligaments

Function of Integumentary System

protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

Function of Skeletal System

protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles, and site of blood cells formation and mineral storage

Parts of Muscular System

muscles and tendons

Function of Muscular System

allows manipulation, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat

Parts of Nervous System

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Function of Nervous System

fast-acting control system that responds to stimuli by activating muscles and gland

Parts of Cardiovascular System

heart and blood vessels

Function of Cardiovascular System

heart pumps blood as blood vessels transport blood

Parts of Lymphatic System

red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Function of Lymphatic Systems

picks up fluid and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris, and houses white blood cells

Parts of the Respiratory System

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Function of Respiratory System

keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Parts of Digestive System

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver

Function of Digestive System

breaks down food and eliminates indigestibles

Parts of Urinary System

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Function of Urinary System

eliminates nitrogenous waste, and regulates water, electrolyte and pH balance of blood

Parts of Male Reproductive System

prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens

Function of Male Reproductive System

produce offspring, sperm, sex hormones, and deliver sperm

Parts of Female Reproductive System

mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Function of Female Reproductive System

produce offspring, eggs, sex hormones, and milk, and site of fertilization and development of fetus

Necessary Life Functions

maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth

Cellular Level Boundaries

plasma membranes maintain internal environment distinction from external

Organismal Level Boundaries

skin maintains internal environment seperation from external

Movement

locomotion, propulsion, contractility

Responsiveness

ability to sense changes in environment and respond

Digestion

break down of ingested food

Metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body

Excretion

removal of wastes from body

Cellular Reproduction

original cell divides and produces identical daughter cells

Organismal Reproduction

sperm and egg unite

Nutrients

chemical substances used for energy and cell building

Oxygen

needed for metabolic reactions

Water

provides necessary environment for chemical reactions

Temperature

necessary to remain normal for chemical reactions

Atmospheric Pressure

required from proper breathing and gas exchange

Homeostasis

ability to maintain a stable internal environment through chemical, thermal, and neural factors

Negative Feedback

output shuts off original stimulus

Positive Feedback

output enhances the original stimulus

Homeostatic Imbalance

overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over and disrupt normal equilibrium