life cycle of stars & origin of solar system

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23 Terms

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life cycle of a low-mass star

stellar nebula - main sequence star - red giant - planetary nebula - white dwarf - black dwarf

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life cycle of a high-mass star

stellar nebula - main sequence star - red supergiant - supernova - black hole/neutron star

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big bang nucleosynthesis

formation of light elements at the birth of the universe; protostars form a combination of gas and magnetic pressure which causes self gravity that then allows nuclear fusion to happen

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stellar nucleosynthesis

elements are fused to form heavy elements; main sequence stars are formed as the nebula ages

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what are the burning phases?

usually hydrogen, helium, and oxygen, but heavier mass stars can reach until silicon

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red giant/supergiant

usually indicates the end of burning phases, little to no light elements left at the core.

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death of a low mass star

all that remains is a hot, dense, solid core that gets cooler and darker then transmits into black dwarf due to no more energy

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main sequence star

longest phase (millions of years), hydrogen burning phase, outward pressure overcomed by inward so it turns into a red giant

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death of a high mass star

explodes into supernova, which forms heavy elements then turns into neutron star (if big) and black hole (if super big)

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who proposed the nebular hypothesis?

immanuel kant

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nebular hypothesis

started as a cloud of dust and its self-gravity made it contract then rotate. hot central region formed the sun, materials around it formed the planets

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objections of nebular hypothesis

angular momentum is held by outer planets, planets should rotate more slow, sun should rotate more rapidly, did not explain how planets formed.

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jean’s star sun encounter hypothesis

rogue star came in contact with sun

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objections to jean’s sun star encounter hypothesis

highly unlikely for a rogue star to come in contact with the sun

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who proposed buffon’s sun-comet encounter

leclerc & buffon

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buffon’s sun comet encounter

collision between sun and a GIANT comet, debris formed the planets

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objection to buffon’s sun-comet encounter

earth’s age is too young; comets are too small to have created the solar system

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protoplanet hypothesis

  1. cloud of gas and dust (nebula) rotated slowly

  2. collapsed (by self gravity or collision)

  3. increased in rotation due to collapse which reduced the size

  4. interior became hot, which formed the sun

  5. friction caused mass to collect in whirlpools

  6. whirlpools sharnk to more compact masses called protoplanet

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fill in the blanks: planets rotate ___

clockwise

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fill in the blanks: solar system contains ___ & ___ and define them

asteroids (rocky materials of no atmosphere, orbits the sun) and comets (ice + dust and orbits sun)

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define dwarf planets

round bodies that failed to clear its atmosphere of asteroids and debris

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goldilocks zone

habitable zone, moves as sun matures and gains temp.

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