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life cycle of a low-mass star
stellar nebula - main sequence star - red giant - planetary nebula - white dwarf - black dwarf
life cycle of a high-mass star
stellar nebula - main sequence star - red supergiant - supernova - black hole/neutron star
big bang nucleosynthesis
formation of light elements at the birth of the universe; protostars form a combination of gas and magnetic pressure which causes self gravity that then allows nuclear fusion to happen
stellar nucleosynthesis
elements are fused to form heavy elements; main sequence stars are formed as the nebula ages
what are the burning phases?
usually hydrogen, helium, and oxygen, but heavier mass stars can reach until silicon
red giant/supergiant
usually indicates the end of burning phases, little to no light elements left at the core.
death of a low mass star
all that remains is a hot, dense, solid core that gets cooler and darker then transmits into black dwarf due to no more energy
main sequence star
longest phase (millions of years), hydrogen burning phase, outward pressure overcomed by inward so it turns into a red giant
death of a high mass star
explodes into supernova, which forms heavy elements then turns into neutron star (if big) and black hole (if super big)
who proposed the nebular hypothesis?
immanuel kant
nebular hypothesis
started as a cloud of dust and its self-gravity made it contract then rotate. hot central region formed the sun, materials around it formed the planets
objections of nebular hypothesis
angular momentum is held by outer planets, planets should rotate more slow, sun should rotate more rapidly, did not explain how planets formed.
jean’s star sun encounter hypothesis
rogue star came in contact with sun
objections to jean’s sun star encounter hypothesis
highly unlikely for a rogue star to come in contact with the sun
who proposed buffon’s sun-comet encounter
leclerc & buffon
buffon’s sun comet encounter
collision between sun and a GIANT comet, debris formed the planets
objection to buffon’s sun-comet encounter
earth’s age is too young; comets are too small to have created the solar system
protoplanet hypothesis
cloud of gas and dust (nebula) rotated slowly
collapsed (by self gravity or collision)
increased in rotation due to collapse which reduced the size
interior became hot, which formed the sun
friction caused mass to collect in whirlpools
whirlpools sharnk to more compact masses called protoplanet
fill in the blanks: planets rotate ___
clockwise
fill in the blanks: solar system contains ___ & ___ and define them
asteroids (rocky materials of no atmosphere, orbits the sun) and comets (ice + dust and orbits sun)
define dwarf planets
round bodies that failed to clear its atmosphere of asteroids and debris
goldilocks zone
habitable zone, moves as sun matures and gains temp.