research midterm 1

Research ethics

are a framework of values within which we conduct research.

Ethics

are sets of moral principles or norms that are used to guide moral choices of behaviour and relationships with others.

Ethics in research

The set of values, standards, and principles used to distinguish between appropriate and acceptable conduct and unacceptable conduct at all stages of the research process.

trust

1. Core ethical value in the scientific pursuit of the truth

honesty

1. Conveying information truthfully and honoring commitments

Accuracy

1. Reporting findings precisely and taking care to avoid errors

Objectivity

Letting the facts speak for themselves and avoiding bias

Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism

3 types of research misconduct

trust, honesty, accuracy, objectivity

foundation of shared values

appropriation

means using or taking something that is not yours

institutional review boards (irbs)

which are composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure that they follow ethical standards.

Nuremberg Code of 1947

formed the basis of today’s ethical standards, but has since been expanded.

1971

APA published its own set of guidelines for research in ___

health insurance portability and accountability

• passed in 2003 prevent medical records from being used for research without written consent from participants.

Deception

may be used when it is the best

way to obtain information.

Full disclosure

means explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment.

Debriefing

involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment.

Confederate

is an experimenter’s accomplice.

Anonymity

means that subjects are not identified by name.

Confidentiality

means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject.

Animal welfare

is the humane care and treatment of animals.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966

which deals with general standards for animal care. Congress amended the act in 1991 to include new regulations that address the psychological well-being of higher animals. Must provide enrichment to nonhuman primates and other animals that live in social groups.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

• must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.

Health Research Extension Act of 1985 and Animal Welfare Act Amendments of 1985

IACUC based on two federal laws

Animal rights

is the position that sensate species (those that can feel pain and suffer) have equal value and rights to humans.

Covered Species

Living or dead animal which is:

• Dog, Cat, Non-human Primate, Guinea pig, Hamster, Rabbit, Rodents or any other warm-blooded animal used for, or intended for use in research, teaching, testing, experimentation,or exhibition, or as a pet except

1. birds bred for use in research

2. Cold-blooded vertebrates

Reduction, Refinement, Replacement

3 Rs

Scientific fraud

involves falsifying or fabricating data. For example, the work of Sir Cyril Burt on intelligence and genes.

Peer review

process filters submitted manuscripts so that only 15-20% of articles are printed.

Replication

where researchers attempt to reproduce the findings of others, is the second line of defense.

Unethical

as failure to give credit to the person whose idea it is (intellectual property) amounts to plagiarism

Fabrication

making up results and recording or reporting them.

Falsification

manipulating research materials, equipment or processes or changing or omitting results such that the research is not accurately represented.

Plagiarism

appropriating someone else’s ideas, processes, results or words without giving proper credit.

Belmont Report (1978)

was created partly because of the Tuskegee syphilis trials