Chapter 9: Social Development

Attachment

emotional bond with another person

Imprinting

critical period, attachment to first moving object that is observed

The Wire Mother Experiment

• Harlow removed young monkeys from their natural mothers a few hours after birth and left them to be raised by surrogate mothers.

•             - mother 1 was made of soft terrycloth, but provided no food

•             - mother 2 was made of wire, but provided food

•             - infant spent more time with cloth mother, only leaving to get feed

Bowlby’s views

attachment based in infants need for safety/security, genetically determined motivation to avoid predators

Ainsworth “Strange Situation”

babies 12-18 months observed with primary caregiver over 8 stages

Secure attachment pattern

distress when separated from PC, joy when PC returns

Avoidant attachment pattern

tend to avoid primary caregiver

Ambivalent attachment pattern

very distressed when PC leaves, infant seems angry while also trying to re-establish contact

Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

confusing mix of behavior, may seem disoriented dazed, or confused

Reactive attachment disorder

extreme difficulties in attaching to others.

Interactional synchrony

mutual, interlocking pattern of behavior between parent and child that results in a smooth interaction

Empathy

genuinely experiencing emotions of others.

emotional self-regulation

ability to adjust emotions to desired state/intensity

Anxiety disorder

anxiety without external justification, negatively affects daily life

Major depressive disorder

hopelessness, helplessness, lack of interest in activities they used to enjoy

cluster suicide

tend to see a wave of suicides after high-profile death

Disengagement theory

older people should gradually withdraw from the world on physical, psychological, and on social levels

Activity theory

should maintain interests, activities, social interactions they had in middle age

Continuity theory

people simply need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society.

Mutual regulation model

infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond accordingly

Reciprocal socialization

infants behavior invite further responses from parents and other caregivers

nonverbal encoding

nonverbal expression of emotion

Stranger anxiety

6 months, caution/wariness around strangers

Separation anxiety

distress when primary caregiver departs

Social referencing

intentional search for response of others feelings to help explain uncertainty.

theory of mind

ideas about own thoughts and how their thoughts may differ from others.

compliant agents

infants see others as beings that act under own power, and are helpful.

Emotional self-regulation

ability to adjust emotions to desired state/intensity

adolescent anxiety

apprehension/tension in reaction to stress

Anxiety disorders

anxiety without external justification, negatively affects daily life.

major depression

Hopelessness, helplessness, lack of interest in activities they used to enjoy

Cluster suicide

tend to see a wave of suicides after high-profile death

Disengagement theory

older people should gradually withdraw from the world on physical, psychological, and on social levels

Activity theory

should maintain interests, activities, social interactions they had in middle age.

Continuity theory

people simply need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society.

Personality

characteristics that make us similar to some ppl, and dissimilar to others.

Temperament

patterns of emotionality/arousal

Easy babies

positive, regular, adaptable, curious, and moderate to low emotionality. 40%

Difficult babies

fairly negative, slow to adapt, withdrawn, 10%

Slow-to-warm babies

calm, slightly negative, slow to adapt, withdrawn, 15%

goodness-of-fit

path between child’s temperament and environment they are raised in.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

how people come to understand themselves, the meaning of their own and others behavior.

Trust vs mistrust

birth-18 months, dependent on interactions with caregivers

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

18 months- 3 years, freedom to explore vs. being restricted and overprotected.

Initiative vs guilt

3-6 years, conflict between independence and sometimes negative consequences

industry vs inferiority

learning tools of larger culture

identity vs inferiority

adolescents, trying to establish basic identity

intimacy vs isolation

developing close relationships with others

deep devotion

marked by efforts to fuse one’s identity with the identity of the partner

Degree of selflessness

sacrificing one’s own needs to those of another

Generativity vs stagnation

considering contributions to family and society

ego-integrity vs despair

evaluating life in face of mortality

Keeping the meaning vs rigidity

Vaillant, 45-55; trying to find meaning of their lives, acceptance of strengths/weaknesses of others

Midlife transition

40-45, Levinson, confronting finite nature of life, questioning some fundamental assumptions

Midlife crisis

stage of uncertainty and indecision brought by awareness of own mortality

Redefinition of self-vs. preoccupation with work role

Peck, first task in old age is to redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work roles or occupations

Body transcendence vs body preoccupation

Peck, people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging.

Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation

Peck, people muct come to grips with the coming of death