FRHD 2270

Exam notes

Sleeping

Newborns spend the most time in which state?

Reflexes

Indicate whether or not the newborn's nervous system is working properly

12 to 24 hours

For the birth of a first child, the first stage of labor usually lasts

Ellen, whose diet is low in folic acid

Which of the following pregnant women has an increased risk of having a child with spina bifida?

Skin tone

The Apgar Scale measures a newborn's

True

Heredity and environment interact dynamically througout development

False

Each sperm and egg contains 46 chromosomes

True

Although environmental factors are important, they usually affect each child in a unique way, which makes siblings differ.

False

The timing of exposure to a teratogen is not important

False

Being a premature infant is more serious than being a small- for- date infant.

Apgar Scale

The ___ uses five vital signs to provide a quick, rough evaluation of a newborn's status.

22- 28 Weeks

By ___ most of the systems function well enough that a fetus born at his time has a chance to survive.

Second

A baby is born in the ___ stage of labor.

Early development is related to later development

The continuity- discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether

The roles that biology and environment play in development

The nature- nurture issue is concerned with

One X and one Y chromosome

Kelly and Ruben just had a baby boy. If they could look at their baby's sex chromosomes, they would see

Autosomes

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes

The Active child

Travis insists tat people are the masters of their own destinies. Travis believes in

Ethnic Background

Which of the following is not a general risk factor for prenatal development

A geneotype

The complete set of genes that make up a person's heredity is called

Growth Hormone

Sleep is essential for normal growth because this is when most ____ is/ are secreted.

Impulsively

The three defining symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder include hyperactivty, inattention, and ____.

Sweet

Newborns prefer ____-tasting substances.

In the range of human voices

Infants can best hear sounds pitched

Transmit information more rapidly

During prenatal and continuing into childhood and adolescence, axons of nerve cells acquire myelin, a fatty wrap that allows neurons to ____.

Increases the likelihood of being able to treat the problem

Detection of hearing impairments early in infancy

An Orienting Response

Garrett was visiting is aunt and uncle when his cousin suddenly started playing the piano and had an increase in heart rate. Garrett was displaying

Coaches have realistic expectations and demands for players

Children are most likely to enjoy and continue to participate in a sport when

Crawling

Which is a form of locomotion

Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil

Who is performing a fine- motor skill

Usually begins earlier for girls than for boys

The adolescent growth spurt

Have more negative feelings about their physical development than other girls

Early maturing girls

Growth

Nutritional needs during infancy are high because ___ requires a relatively large amount of energy

Is at risk for many medical problems

If Paul is a typical obese child, he

Motor vehicle accidents

The most common cause of accidental death in children is

Plasticity

The extent to which brain organization is flexible is referred to as

Sensory and perceptual processes

The nervous system receives, selects, modifies, and organizes stimulation from the world by using

Physical development and behavior suggests that newborns are capable of feeling pain.

Your friends, John and Lisa, are wondering whether their newborn son can feel pain. What can you tell them about infants' ability to feel pain?

Habituation

Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar. This phenomenon is called

The ability to produce and understand language

The left hemisphere of the brain controls

False

Most infants cannot coordinate the motions of their hands until they are 12 months old

True

Malnutrition affects a child's intelligence and ability to pay attention

False

ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar.

False

Most babies take their first steps at 24 months

True

Bottle fed babies are less prone to diarrhea and constipation

False

The one- to- one principle states that the last number name denotes the the number of objects being counted

True

Reading rhymes to children increases their phonological awareness

True

Heuristics are rules of thumb that are useful in solving a range of problems

False

Children who are not aware of letter sounds learn to read as well as children who are aware of letter sounds

True

For young children, the mechanical demands of printing letters often interfere with the quality of their writing

That there must be one and only one number for each object that is counted

The one-to-one principle states

The theory of mind

A person's beliefs about connection between thoughts, beliefs, and behavior are central to

Stable- order

The ____ principle states that number names must be counted in the same order.

Cardinality

According to the ____ principle, the last number named differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects

Object Permanence

Moses knows that even though he cannot see his favorite blanket, it still exists. Moses understands the concept of

Inhibitory Processes

____ prevents task-irrelevant information from entering working memory.

Egocentrism

____ would best explain why Joey things that when he sees Winnie the Pooh on TV and shows him a picture that Winnie the Pooh can see the picture just like he can

Automatic Processes

Cognitive activities that require very little effort are referred to as

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages?

True

Young children often believe unrealistically that they can solve a problem by boldly forging ahead without an explicit plan.

True

Long- term memory is like a computer's hard drive, a fairly permanent storehouse of programs and data.

True

When a preschooler wants to tell his dad about baking cookies, he can simply retrieve the "baking cookie" script and use it to organize his recall of the different events

True

Preschool children use simple memory strategies such as looking at or touching objects that they have been told to remember.

True

Preoperational children typically believe that others see the world, both literally and figuratively, exactly as they do, a concept known as egocentrism

True

For Piaget, children at all ages are like scientists in that they create theories about how the world works.

False

According to Piaget, infants are born with object permanence, the ability to understand that objects exist independently.

False

According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs in eight stages

False

Smart children can skip one of Piaget's stages

False

Concrete operational thinking is identical to adult thinking in that children are able to think abstractly and hypothetically for the first time.

False

Sensory memory holds information the longest the three types of memory

True

According to the sociocultural perspective, children are products of their culture

False

Scaffolding refers to the difference between the level of performance a child can achieve when working independently and the higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance of more skilled adults or peers.

The difference between what a child can do with and without help

The zone of proximal development refers to

Formal Operational thinkers only

Who is likely to be able to answer a hypothetical question such as, "What would happen if no one had to work anymore?"

Thinks in a way that is limited to the tangible and real.

According to Piaget, the concrete operational child

Vygotsky

The concepts of scaffolding, private speech, and the zone of proximal development are most closely associated with

Long- term memory

Before you read this question, the name of the first president of the United States was most likely stored in your

Monitoring

After Tina outline a chapter in her textbook, she answered questions in her study guide to see whether outlining was helping her learn the information in the chapter. Tina was ___ the effectiveness of her memory strategy.

Using a memory strategy

Four- year- old Jasmine is asked to remember objects on a tray that she shown for one minute. During the minute she is the objects, Jasmine looks at and touches each object. Jasmine is

Working Memory

As you read and think about this test question, it is stored in

Autobiographical memory

___ refers to people's memory for the significant events and experiences of their own lives.

Phonological awareness

Being able to hear the distinctive sounds made bu different letters is called

Word Recognition

___ is the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters.

Comprehension

The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of ords is referred to as

Children learn how to read easier

When parents read rhyming stories, such as those written by Dr. Seuss, to their children, their

Use Symbols

The production of first words is linked to the ability to

Repeat his remark to try again to get a response

Three- year- old Steven walks up to his father, who is reading the newspaper, and says "Look at this picture, Daddy!" If his father does not respond, Steven is likely to

Some ethnic groups have more "smart genes" than others

When children of comparable socioeconomic status are compared, group ethnic differences in IQ test scores are reduced. Which of the following does NOT explain this result

Use simpler grammar than they do with an adult listener.

When a 4-year-old describes a toy to a 2-year-old, they

Rachel, who feels, intelligence is determined by a combination of heredity and the environment

According to your textbook, which is most correct about influences on intelligence

The production of vowel-like sounds such as "ooo" and "ahhh"

Cooing refers to

Speech-like sounds that consist of a voweland consonant but that have no meaning

Babbling refers to

12 Months

Most children say their first words at about ____ of age.

Between 18 and 20 months

When do toddlers experience their first vocabulary spurt (naming explosion)

Telegraphic Speech

When Angela says "Me down" instead of "I would like to get down," she is using

Rephrase a child's ungrammatical remark to show the correct grammar

What advice would you give to parents interested in promoting their child's language development?

An Overextension

When Ustav is riding in the car with his mother, he will point at buses, vans, bikes, and trucks and say "car". This is an example of

Fast Mapping

A child's ability to make connections between new words and referents so rapidly that he or she cannot be considering all possible meanings for the new word is referred to as

Grammatical Morphemes

___ are words or word endings of words (such as -ed or -ing) that make a sentence grammatical.

A Learning Disability

Holly has normal intelligence, but is having difficulty learning to read. She does not have any vision or hearing problems that might explain her difficulty. Holly has characteristics of