AP Biology Unit 3 Notes: Enzymes & Photosynthesis

These flashcards cover key concepts related to enzymes and photosynthesis, essential for understanding biochemical processes in living organisms.

What is the main energy currency of cells?

ATP is the main energy currency of cells and releases energy when converted to ADP.

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is the initial energy required to start a reaction.

What is the function of enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower activation energy.

Why are enzymes specific to their substrates?

Enzymes are specific to their substrate due to the shape and charge of their active site.

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

Enzymes denature at high temperatures.

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

pH affects enzyme shape and activity, with each enzyme having an optimal pH.

What is the effect of increasing enzyme or substrate concentration on reaction rate?

Increasing enzyme or substrate concentration increases reaction rate until saturation occurs.

What are competitive inhibitors?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme.

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric site and reduce enzyme function regardless of substrate concentration.

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

The overall equation is CO2 + H2O + light → glucose + O2.

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.

What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll absorbs light and excites electrons that move through an electron transport chain.

What does ATP synthase do during photosynthesis?

ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to produce ATP.

What is produced during the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle produces carbohydrates using CO2, ATP, and NADPH.

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

What is the function of stomata?

Stomata regulate gas exchange in plants.

How do guard cells affect stomata?

Guard cells open stomata during the day and close them at night to reduce water loss.

Where are most stomata found on leaves?

Most stomata are on the lower epidermis of leaves.

What is unique about CAM plants?

CAM plants open stomata at night to reduce water loss and store CO2 for use during the day.