Chapter 13 - Detailed Study of the Cardiovascular System Circuitry

in vitro

Outside the body

in vivo

In a living organism

cardiovascular system

The _____ includes the heart (a pump) and two circular systems of tubes (arteries, capillaries, veins) that deliver blood to and from all tissues of the body

incomplete

Lymphatic vessels, a/an [complete/incomplete] circulation, returns vascular filtrate (lymph) to the circulation.

oxygen; "waste"

The pump of the cardiovascular system generates pressure producing flow that delivers _____ and nutrients to tissues and removes _____

-ECG (heart rate and rhythm)

-blood pressure

-blood flow

-O2 delivery and waste (CO2)

-visualization of static

-visualization of dynamic processes

Cardiovascular function is assessed clinically by determining what?

pulmonary & systemic

What are the 2 circular systems o tubes associated with the cardiovascular system?

1. heart

2. pulmonary & systemic tubes

3. blood

4. lymphatic system & lymph

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

fish

In what species is the heart a muscular sack, with no divisions?

oxygen demands by the tissues in a particular animal

There are specific amounts of oxygen in the blood that are sensed by various chemo and gas receptors, which keep oxygen at certain level. What does the level of oxygen depend on?

false

T/F - All animals have the same oxygen demand

amphibians

_____ can exchange gases (oxygen) through their skin

complete

Crocodiles have a [complete/incomplete] septum

patent ductus arteriosus

Passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

can potentially cause the heart to overwork to keep oxygenated blood going to the bodys tissues

Why is patent ductus arteriosus harmful/abnormal?

can

Crocodiles [can/cant] close space between the aorta and pulmonary artery (patent ductus arteriosus)

do

Mammals and birds [do/do not] have a complete septum

2

Mammals and birds have _____ circuits that work to keep oxygenated blood going to the tissues that need oxygen

-mechanical ventilation devices

-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

What are some ways we can help animals that don't have good lung function?

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Take blood from major vein, put through heating device (maintains blood normal temp), exchanges gases, and pump blood back into an artery -> pt doesn't need to take a breath at all

-"toned down" version of complete cardiopulmonary bypass

electrical

Beating of the heart is governed by [mechanical/electrical] activity first and foremost

mechanical; electrical

There is no _____ activity without _____ activity!

true

T/F - The heart wont do anything unless their is electrical activity

yes

Can there be electrical activity without mechanical activity?

atrial fibrillation

What is a big CV issue in humans?

electrical mechanical dissociation

You cant have mechanical activity without electrical activity, but you can have electrical activity without mechanical activity. What is this known as?

NOTHING

When you look at an electrocardiogram, what does it tell you about cardiac functional/mechanical activity?

false

T/F - If an animal has a normal electrocardiogram, they're never in heart failure

rate; rhythm

Electrocardiograms help us assess whether the heart has a normal _____ and _____

is

Measuring blood flow [is/is not] better than blood pressure

oxygen

We want to know how much _____ is in blood because tissues depend on it

1. brain

2. heart

What are the 2 organs in your body that require the most oxygen (in order)?

William Harvey

Considered to be the father of cardiology

identified one way valves

What is the most significant thing William Harvey did?

true

T/F - Blood can only travel in 1 direction

circuitry

One way valves convinced people that there was a blood flow _____

true

T/F - There are one way valves in the heart

right atrium

What is the 1st chamber of the heart?

right atrium

Most circuits start at which part of the heart?

tricuspid valve

What is the name of the one way valve that follows after the right atrium?

contracts; pulmonary artery

When blood goes into the ventricle, the heart _____, pushing the blood out into the _____

lungs; oxygenated

After the pulmonary artery, blood goes to the _____ and gets _____

left; left atrium

After the lungs, the blood returns to the _____ side of the heart, into a chamber called the _____

mitral valve

After the blood goes through the left atrium. it goes across the _____ into the left ventricle

true

T/F - The right and left ventricles contract simultaneously

aorta; aortic valve

After blood passes through the left atrium and goes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, contracting at the same time as the right ventricle, the blood goes out again into the _____ across the _____

4

How many valves are there in the heart?

atretic valves

Heart valves that are abnormally developed and often completely closed or blocked

-some animals don't have an adequate pulmonary artery or aorta

1. tricuspid valve

2. pulmonic valve

3. mitral valve

4. aortic valve

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

no

Is there any difference in the volume of blood, every time the heart beats, that is delivered to the systemic circulation or the lung?

output

Blood flow is usually discussed in terms of cardiac _____

blood pressure increase -> blood flow increase

OR

blood flow increase -> blood pressure increase

What does blood pressure have to do with blood flow, in a normal animal?

no

In a sick animal, are blood pressure and flood flow directly related?

flow

What delivers oxygen to tissues - pressure or flow?

reviewed

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reviewed

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