APWH Unit 1-5

There are some repeats (sorry)

Yongle

He sponsored the building of thr Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China’s borders to trade and travel.

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715

Absolute Monarch

The French King who built the palace at versailles

The longest standing King of France “Sun King”

One of the most powerful monarchs of Europe, ruling 72 years

He was famous for his quote, “I am thr state.” \*Moved capital to Versailles which became a symbol of power.

The longest-reigning monarch in French history and was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) Versailles. The palace was constructed by him outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. During Holy Roman Empire.

Catherine the Great

Russian Czar from 1762-1796

Was an Enlightened Absolutist, came to power when spouse was murdered.

continued Peter’s goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia, suppessed thenserfs and gave power to the aristocracy. Her boyfriends would become prime ministers. Expanded moslty West and South, and Westernized in literature, philosophy, and art.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England and Ireland between 1588 and 1603

She was an absolute monarch is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time

Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion if England followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.

She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Established Protestantism in England; defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588; maintained peace inside her previously divided country; and created an environment where the arts flourished.

The “Virgin Queen”

Kangxi

Qing ruler who embodied the Confucian ideal: a scholar, and effective administrator, and a conqueror who expanded Chinese influence into Tibet and Taiwan.

Tokugawa Leyasu

A Japanese military leader who reunified Japan at the beginning of the 17th century after a long period of civil war, known as the Warring States or Sengoku period. He created a new government controlled by his family that ruled Japan until 1868.

Known for the reunification of Japan in the early 17th century. He created a new government controlled by the Tokugawa family that ruled Japan until 1868, and established political unity.

VOC

1602 joint-stock company; chartered to control Dutch trading and to achieve a monopoly between the cape of good hope and the Magellan strait. Manila Galleons. Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. Vasco da Gama.

Mahayana Buddhism

It is called the “Greater Vehicle”, and was developed later. In this section, some view Buddha as a god. It was easier to reach enlightenment, and could even donate to monasteries for merit (buying your way into enlightenment).

Neo Confucianism

May be understood as a revival of Confucian teachings during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty and a subsequent synthesis of Confucianism with aspects of Buddhism and Taoism. It reached the height of its cultural significance during the Northern Song Dynasty.

Dominated Chinese official culture from the 13th through the 19th century.

Zhu Xi

Lived from 1130 to 1200, during the period of the Northern Song Dynasty in China. He is primarily remembered as a leading Confucian scholar and the most influential figure in Neo-Confucianism. Among other contributions he is credited with compiling the four most important books in Confucian tradition (*The Four Books*) - *Analects of Confucius*, *Great Learning*, *Mencius*, *The Doctrine of the Mean*.

Primarily remembered by history as a successful military commander.

Silla Dynasty

668-900 CE

Independent Korean kingdom in Southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment

First ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula

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Shogun

Japenese term for a powerful general who uses his military power to effectively become the ruling political figure.

Feudalism

A political, economic, and social hierarchy which helped organize land, work, and people's roles. At the top is the monarch, often a king. He basically “owned” all of the land and would grant land, called fiefs, to elites called lords. The lords would then grant some of their own land to other individuals

Bhakti Movement

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.

Vijayanagara Empire

Ruled over most of South Asia

Established by Harihara in 1336 CE

"city of victory" established a Hindu empire after renouncing Islam; fell to Mughal conquerors“

allowed for Muslim and Hindu merchants to trade in southern India

Khmer Empire

A powerful state in Southeast Asia, formed by people of the same name, lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE. At its peak, the land-based empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam

Mexica

People occupied territory in Mesoamerica, and the capital city Tenochtitlán was located in what today is Mexico City. A militant warrior tradition characterized their culture. They developed a system of feudalism, which had similarities to that of Japan and Europe.

Inca

a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors

lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

Cahokia

the largest city ever built north of Mexico before Columbus and boasted 120 earthen mounds. Many were massive, square-bottomed, flat-topped pyramids -- great pedestals atop which civic leaders lived. At the vast plaza in the city's center rose the largest earthwork in the Americas, the 100-foot Monks Mound.

Great Zimbabwe

A medieval African city known for its large circular wall and tower. It was part of a wealthy African trading empire that controlled much of the East African coast from the 11th to the 15th centuries.

Known for it’s great stone city. Evidence of architectural innovation or achievement. Kings taxes trade and exported told, ivory and slaves along trans Saharan route. Embraced Islam to help forge alliances with northern Islamic kingdoms.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of the kingdom of Mali from 1312 C.E. to 1337 C.E

During his reign, Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of Africa, and he was among the richest individuals in the world.

Is most known for his intricate pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. First muslim ruler in West Africa to make the pilgrimage to Mecca.

Ethiopia

Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa

Pax Mongolica

Latin for “Mongol peace,” describes a period of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries

Ghenghis Khan

(1162-1227)

Establish the largest land empire in history. After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of central Asia and China.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant traveler and trader

He wrote about his travels in a journal which helped Europeans learn significantly more about Central Asia and China.  He was well educated and learned necessary merchant skills such as foreign currency, appraisal, and the handling of cargo ships.  His most famous journey began in Constantinople and continued as far east as Pagan in southern Asia. Polo returned to Constantinople, bringing with him many different luxuries including spices, porcelain, gunpowder, silk, and many other new technologies and goods.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Linked the Mediterranean economies that demanded gold—and could supply salt—to the sub-Saharan economies, where gold was abundant.

Indian Ocean Trade

The world's largest sea based network of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E

Stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury goods and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.

Began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit.

Not one single trade route but many different ones running all along the port cities lying on the Indian Ocean.

Items commonly traded: from China included spices, silk, and gun powder; east coast of Africa provided gold and sold slaves to be transported to other locations; India sold spices, textiles, minerals, and jewels.

Silk Road

From when the Han dynasty of China opened trade in 130 B.C.E. until 1453 C.E., when the Ottoman Empire closed off trade with the West

A series of ancient trade networks that connected China and the Far East with countries in Europe and the Middle East.

They traded goods such as silk, spices, tea, ivory, cotton, wool, precious metals, and ideas.

Crusades

A series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels—nonbelievers.

Guilds

Were prolific throughout Europe between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries

Associations of craftsmen and merchants formed to promote the economic interests of their members as well as to provide protection and mutual aid.

St. Thomas Aquinas

1225-1274 CE

An Italian man, who was a great philosopher of the Catholic Church and is considered to be the Catholic's greatest theologian, or studier of Gods and divinity.

Takes Aristotle's argument that political society transcends the village and completes human social existence to prove that the city is natural.

Dar-al-Islam

The “house of Islam,” a term for the Islamic world

Muhummud

The Arab prophet who found Islam (the last prophet)

Bedouin

* Nomadic ppl that lived on the Arabian Peninsula
* Organized in family + clan group
* kinship, loyalty

Abbasid Dynasty

* The second dynasty of Islamic (after Umayyad)
* Capital city = Baghdad
* Different from Umayyad - no special favor to Arab military aristocracy, no longer conquering (empire still grew)
* First caliph: Abu al-Abbas (chief leader of the rebellion against Umayyad dynasty)

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid Dynasty

Advantageous for trade: centrally located between Europe and Asia - important area for trade and excahnges ideas

Sufi

Islamic mystic

Most effective missionaries

Encouraged devotion to Allah by passionate singing or dancing

Nasi al Din Tusi

Muslim Scholar

Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist

One of the trigonometry people

Developed 6 fundamental formulas

Rumi

13th century Persian poet

Famous for his lyrics and for his didactic epic

Believed passionately in the use of music, poetry and dance as a path to reach gods

Egyptian Mamluks

They are slave soldiers that won political control of several Muslim states during the Middle Ages

Their generals used their power to establish a dynasty and ruled from 1250-1517

Seljuk Turks

Ruled part of Central Asia and the Middle East from 1000s and 1300s

Migrated from the North Iranian peninsula in Central Asia into Persia (current day Iran)

Delhi Sultanate

Central Asia Turkish warlords

Established this Muslim kingdom in North India at 1200s

Continued the Kingdom until their conquest by Mughals

Song Dynasty

Expanded the bureaucracy based on merit

Accepted more candidates into the bureaucracy

Weakness: financial, and military

First emperor: Song Taizu

Wu Zhao

First and only female emperor of China

Foot Binding

Practice to mutilate woman’s feet in order to make them smaller + produced pain (restricted women movement)

Started: Tang Dynasty

Gained popularity: Song Dynasty

Caravel

Portuguese ships that revolutionized maritime trade

Effective because the development of maritime tools came along after it

Ex: triangular lateen sail, square sail, magnetic compass, astrolabes, etc

Columbian Exchange

Global diffusion of goods, crops, diseases, animals, and people

Took place after Christopher Columbus’s expedition

Exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

Response to the protestant reformation

To persuade protestants to return and to deepen the sense of spirituality and religious commitment

Council of Trent involved

Encomienda

Labor system established by the Spanish to extract gold, crops, and other materials from their colonized territories

Indigenous ppl work and provide the encomenderos the resources → Ecomenderos would produce a tribute to the Spanish Crown → Ecomenderos would protect the indigenous ppl and convert them to Christianity

Gunpowder

The main motivation for land-based empires to expand

Discovered in China

Joint stock companies

Companies shared by several investors that sponsored much of European exploration, trade, and colonization

Allowed investors to pool their resources and negate personal risks

Mughal

Found by Babur (1526)

Akbar stabilized this empire and encouraged religious tolerance

Aurangzeb expanded this empire and revoked policies of toleration causing religious tensions

Ottoman

Found by Osman Bey (1289)

Led the Ghazi (Muslim religious warriors)

Mehmed captures Constantinople/Istanbul (1453)

Suleyman the Magnificent expanded into SW Asia and Central Europe

Built a strong navy powerful enough to challenge European fleets

Safavid

Found by Shah Ismail (1501)

Proclaimed Twelver Shiism the official religion

Followers are known as Qizilbash (Red Hats)

Lost in the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) against the Ottoman

Considered firearms unmanly

Shah Abbas the Great moved the capital to Isfahan

Centralized administration

The Reformation (Protestant)

A religious reform that created with Martin Luther, that challenged the Catholic Church’s teachings. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, separated from Roman Catholic Church due to doctrine differences.

Yongle

An emperor during the Ming dynasty who was a key figure in the restoration of China to greatness and who commissioned an enormous fleet to spread awareness of Chinese superiority to much of Asia and Eastern Africa.

Twelver Shiism

A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.

Mercantilism

Policies set by countries designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries - in order to maximize the flow of gold/silver imports - and to buy as little from other countries to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country. \\n \\n -Required heavy government involvement

Kangxi

Second emperor of Qing dynasty oversaw several cultural leaps, including the creation of a dictionary considered the best standardization of the Han language and the funding of surveys to create the most extensive maps of China up to that time.

Philip II

Son of Charles V later becomes Spanish and Portuguese King. A protector of the Roman Catholic Church and counter-reformation supporter, sent the Spanish Armada to invade England. He sought to limit the spread of Protestantism, and he ultimately completed the work of unification begun by Ferdinand and Isabella (the “Catholic Monarchs”) in the Iberian Peninsula and prospered.

King of Spain, 1556-1598

married to Queen Mary I of England

he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588

controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Soanish colonies in the New World

Ruled wealthy Spanish Empire promoted the arts, defended Catholicism, and fought England

He defeated the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean, \*attempted invasion of England in 1588 by the Spanish Armada, ended in disaster.

Catherine the Great

Reigned over Russia for 34 years, established educational reform, championed the arts, and extended Russia's borders in the largest territorial gain since Ivan the Terrible and championed the arts and reorganized the Russian law code.

VOC

Joint-stock company; chartered to control Dutch trading and to achieve a monopoly between the cape of good hope and the Magellan strait. Manila Galleons. Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. Vasco da Gama. Introduction to stocks.

Enlightenment

Movement that applied scientific revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). Summoned the Estates-general, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian revolution. Freed skates and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (Former slave)

Metternich

German born Austrian politician and statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era, served as the foreign minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, the Austrian empire

Otto von Bismarck

Served as prime minister of Prussia and was the founder and first chancellor of German empire

Benito Juarez

\n National hero and president of Mexico. Fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian for 3 years

Pancho villa and Zapata

A Mexican revolutionary leader in the northern Mexico. A Mexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined to stretch from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean by god’s will and it has also been used to justify other Territorial acquisitions made by the United States

Deism

A form of rational theology that emerged among “freethinking” Europeans. Insisted that religious truth should be subject to the authority of human reason than divine revelation

Napoleon Bonaparte

Popular authoritarianism: limited the church: liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press

Liberalism

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

Nationalism

Feeling patriotic pride and devotion

Abraham Lincoln

The United states’ 16th president, issued the Emancipation proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the confederacy

John A MacDonald

The first prime minister of Canada, the dominant figure of Canadian confederation, he had a political career that spanned almost half a century.

Reconstruction

The period that followed the American civil war when several United States administrations sought to reconstruct society in the former confederate states in particular by establishing and protecting legal rights of the newly freed black population.

Louis Riel

A Canadian politician who founded the province Manitoba and a political and spiritual leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies

Declaration of Independence

The document that started the American Revolution formally

Simon Bolivar

Led Venezuela’s independence, inspired others, was smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied

Conservatism

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church

James Watt

Inventor and instrument maker. Although he invented and improved a number of industrial technologies, he is best known for his improvements to the steam engine.

Eli Whitney

U.S born inventor, patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton and speeded up process of removing seeds from cotton ciber

Socialism

An economic system based on state ownership of capital

Marx and Engels

German social philosophers who advocated an economic and social theory known as Marxism. (Marxism: theory that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change)