Studied by 34 people
Yongle
He sponsored the building of thr Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China’s borders to trade and travel.
Louis XIV
King of France from 1643 to 1715
Absolute Monarch
The French King who built the palace at versailles
The longest standing King of France “Sun King”
One of the most powerful monarchs of Europe, ruling 72 years
He was famous for his quote, “I am thr state.” *Moved capital to Versailles which became a symbol of power.
The longest-reigning monarch in French history and was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) Versailles. The palace was constructed by him outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. During Holy Roman Empire.
Catherine the Great
Russian Czar from 1762-1796
Was an Enlightened Absolutist, came to power when spouse was murdered.
continued Peter’s goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia, suppessed thenserfs and gave power to the aristocracy. Her boyfriends would become prime ministers. Expanded moslty West and South, and Westernized in literature, philosophy, and art.
Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland between 1588 and 1603
She was an absolute monarch is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time
Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion if England followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Established Protestantism in England; defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588; maintained peace inside her previously divided country; and created an environment where the arts flourished.
The “Virgin Queen”
Kangxi
Qing ruler who embodied the Confucian ideal: a scholar, and effective administrator, and a conqueror who expanded Chinese influence into Tibet and Taiwan.
Tokugawa Leyasu
A Japanese military leader who reunified Japan at the beginning of the 17th century after a long period of civil war, known as the Warring States or Sengoku period. He created a new government controlled by his family that ruled Japan until 1868.
Known for the reunification of Japan in the early 17th century. He created a new government controlled by the Tokugawa family that ruled Japan until 1868, and established political unity.
VOC
1602 joint-stock company; chartered to control Dutch trading and to achieve a monopoly between the cape of good hope and the Magellan strait. Manila Galleons. Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. Vasco da Gama.
Mahayana Buddhism
It is called the “Greater Vehicle”, and was developed later. In this section, some view Buddha as a god. It was easier to reach enlightenment, and could even donate to monasteries for merit (buying your way into enlightenment).
Neo Confucianism
May be understood as a revival of Confucian teachings during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty and a subsequent synthesis of Confucianism with aspects of Buddhism and Taoism. It reached the height of its cultural significance during the Northern Song Dynasty.
Dominated Chinese official culture from the 13th through the 19th century.
Zhu Xi
Lived from 1130 to 1200, during the period of the Northern Song Dynasty in China. He is primarily remembered as a leading Confucian scholar and the most influential figure in Neo-Confucianism. Among other contributions he is credited with compiling the four most important books in Confucian tradition (The Four Books) - Analects of Confucius, Great Learning, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean.
Primarily remembered by history as a successful military commander.
Silla Dynasty
668-900 CE
Independent Korean kingdom in Southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment
First ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula
Shogun
Japenese term for a powerful general who uses his military power to effectively become the ruling political figure.
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social hierarchy which helped organize land, work, and people's roles. At the top is the monarch, often a king. He basically “owned” all of the land and would grant land, called fiefs, to elites called lords. The lords would then grant some of their own land to other individuals
Bhakti Movement
Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.
Vijayanagara Empire
Ruled over most of South Asia
Established by Harihara in 1336 CE
"city of victory" established a Hindu empire after renouncing Islam; fell to Mughal conquerors“
allowed for Muslim and Hindu merchants to trade in southern India
Khmer Empire
A powerful state in Southeast Asia, formed by people of the same name, lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE. At its peak, the land-based empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam
Mexica
People occupied territory in Mesoamerica, and the capital city Tenochtitlán was located in what today is Mexico City. A militant warrior tradition characterized their culture. They developed a system of feudalism, which had similarities to that of Japan and Europe.
Inca
a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors
lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s
Cahokia
the largest city ever built north of Mexico before Columbus and boasted 120 earthen mounds. Many were massive, square-bottomed, flat-topped pyramids -- great pedestals atop which civic leaders lived. At the vast plaza in the city's center rose the largest earthwork in the Americas, the 100-foot Monks Mound.
Great Zimbabwe
A medieval African city known for its large circular wall and tower. It was part of a wealthy African trading empire that controlled much of the East African coast from the 11th to the 15th centuries.
Known for it’s great stone city. Evidence of architectural innovation or achievement. Kings taxes trade and exported told, ivory and slaves along trans Saharan route. Embraced Islam to help forge alliances with northern Islamic kingdoms.
Mansa Musa
Ruler of the kingdom of Mali from 1312 C.E. to 1337 C.E
During his reign, Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of Africa, and he was among the richest individuals in the world.
Is most known for his intricate pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. First muslim ruler in West Africa to make the pilgrimage to Mecca.
Ethiopia
Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa
Pax Mongolica
Latin for “Mongol peace,” describes a period of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries
Ghenghis Khan
(1162-1227)
Establish the largest land empire in history. After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of central Asia and China.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant traveler and trader
He wrote about his travels in a journal which helped Europeans learn significantly more about Central Asia and China. He was well educated and learned necessary merchant skills such as foreign currency, appraisal, and the handling of cargo ships. His most famous journey began in Constantinople and continued as far east as Pagan in southern Asia. Polo returned to Constantinople, bringing with him many different luxuries including spices, porcelain, gunpowder, silk, and many other new technologies and goods.
Trans-Saharan Trade
Linked the Mediterranean economies that demanded gold—and could supply salt—to the sub-Saharan economies, where gold was abundant.
Indian Ocean Trade
The world's largest sea based network of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E
Stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury goods and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.
Began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit.
Not one single trade route but many different ones running all along the port cities lying on the Indian Ocean.
Items commonly traded: from China included spices, silk, and gun powder; east coast of Africa provided gold and sold slaves to be transported to other locations; India sold spices, textiles, minerals, and jewels.
Silk Road
From when the Han dynasty of China opened trade in 130 B.C.E. until 1453 C.E., when the Ottoman Empire closed off trade with the West
A series of ancient trade networks that connected China and the Far East with countries in Europe and the Middle East.
They traded goods such as silk, spices, tea, ivory, cotton, wool, precious metals, and ideas.
Crusades
A series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels—nonbelievers.
Guilds
Were prolific throughout Europe between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries
Associations of craftsmen and merchants formed to promote the economic interests of their members as well as to provide protection and mutual aid.
St. Thomas Aquinas
1225-1274 CE
An Italian man, who was a great philosopher of the Catholic Church and is considered to be the Catholic's greatest theologian, or studier of Gods and divinity.
Takes Aristotle's argument that political society transcends the village and completes human social existence to prove that the city is natural.
Dar-al-Islam
The “house of Islam,” a term for the Islamic world
Muhummud
The Arab prophet who found Islam (the last prophet)
Bedouin
Nomadic ppl that lived on the Arabian Peninsula
Organized in family + clan group
kinship, loyalty
Abbasid Dynasty
The second dynasty of Islamic (after Umayyad)
Capital city = Baghdad
Different from Umayyad - no special favor to Arab military aristocracy, no longer conquering (empire still grew)
First caliph: Abu al-Abbas (chief leader of the rebellion against Umayyad dynasty)
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid Dynasty
Advantageous for trade: centrally located between Europe and Asia - important area for trade and excahnges ideas
Sufi
Islamic mystic
Most effective missionaries
Encouraged devotion to Allah by passionate singing or dancing
Nasi al Din Tusi
Muslim Scholar
Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist
One of the trigonometry people
Developed 6 fundamental formulas
Rumi
13th century Persian poet
Famous for his lyrics and for his didactic epic
Believed passionately in the use of music, poetry and dance as a path to reach gods
Egyptian Mamluks
They are slave soldiers that won political control of several Muslim states during the Middle Ages
Their generals used their power to establish a dynasty and ruled from 1250-1517
Seljuk Turks
Ruled part of Central Asia and the Middle East from 1000s and 1300s
Migrated from the North Iranian peninsula in Central Asia into Persia (current day Iran)
Delhi Sultanate
Central Asia Turkish warlords
Established this Muslim kingdom in North India at 1200s
Continued the Kingdom until their conquest by Mughals
Song Dynasty
Expanded the bureaucracy based on merit
Accepted more candidates into the bureaucracy
Weakness: financial, and military
First emperor: Song Taizu
Wu Zhao
First and only female emperor of China
Foot Binding
Practice to mutilate woman’s feet in order to make them smaller + produced pain (restricted women movement)
Started: Tang Dynasty
Gained popularity: Song Dynasty
Caravel
Portuguese ships that revolutionized maritime trade
Effective because the development of maritime tools came along after it
Ex: triangular lateen sail, square sail, magnetic compass, astrolabes, etc
Columbian Exchange
Global diffusion of goods, crops, diseases, animals, and people
Took place after Christopher Columbus’s expedition
Exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia
Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)
Response to the protestant reformation
To persuade protestants to return and to deepen the sense of spirituality and religious commitment
Council of Trent involved
Encomienda
Labor system established by the Spanish to extract gold, crops, and other materials from their colonized territories
Indigenous ppl work and provide the encomenderos the resources → Ecomenderos would produce a tribute to the Spanish Crown → Ecomenderos would protect the indigenous ppl and convert them to Christianity
Gunpowder
The main motivation for land-based empires to expand
Discovered in China
Joint stock companies
Companies shared by several investors that sponsored much of European exploration, trade, and colonization
Allowed investors to pool their resources and negate personal risks
Mughal
Found by Babur (1526)
Akbar stabilized this empire and encouraged religious tolerance
Aurangzeb expanded this empire and revoked policies of toleration causing religious tensions
Ottoman
Found by Osman Bey (1289)
Led the Ghazi (Muslim religious warriors)
Mehmed captures Constantinople/Istanbul (1453)
Suleyman the Magnificent expanded into SW Asia and Central Europe
Built a strong navy powerful enough to challenge European fleets
Safavid
Found by Shah Ismail (1501)
Proclaimed Twelver Shiism the official religion
Followers are known as Qizilbash (Red Hats)
Lost in the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) against the Ottoman
Considered firearms unmanly
Shah Abbas the Great moved the capital to Isfahan
Centralized administration
The Reformation (Protestant)
A religious reform that created with Martin Luther, that challenged the Catholic Church’s teachings. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, separated from Roman Catholic Church due to doctrine differences.
Yongle
An emperor during the Ming dynasty who was a key figure in the restoration of China to greatness and who commissioned an enormous fleet to spread awareness of Chinese superiority to much of Asia and Eastern Africa.
Twelver Shiism
A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.
Mercantilism
Policies set by countries designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries - in order to maximize the flow of gold/silver imports - and to buy as little from other countries to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country. \n \n -Required heavy government involvement
Kangxi
Second emperor of Qing dynasty oversaw several cultural leaps, including the creation of a dictionary considered the best standardization of the Han language and the funding of surveys to create the most extensive maps of China up to that time.
Philip II
Son of Charles V later becomes Spanish and Portuguese King. A protector of the Roman Catholic Church and counter-reformation supporter, sent the Spanish Armada to invade England. He sought to limit the spread of Protestantism, and he ultimately completed the work of unification begun by Ferdinand and Isabella (the “Catholic Monarchs”) in the Iberian Peninsula and prospered.
King of Spain, 1556-1598
married to Queen Mary I of England
he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588
controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Soanish colonies in the New World
Ruled wealthy Spanish Empire promoted the arts, defended Catholicism, and fought England
He defeated the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean, *attempted invasion of England in 1588 by the Spanish Armada, ended in disaster.
Catherine the Great
Reigned over Russia for 34 years, established educational reform, championed the arts, and extended Russia's borders in the largest territorial gain since Ivan the Terrible and championed the arts and reorganized the Russian law code.
VOC
Joint-stock company; chartered to control Dutch trading and to achieve a monopoly between the cape of good hope and the Magellan strait. Manila Galleons. Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. Vasco da Gama. Introduction to stocks.
Enlightenment
Movement that applied scientific revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French
Louis XVI
King of France (1774-1792). Summoned the Estates-general, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Toussaint Louverture
Leader of the Haitian revolution. Freed skates and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (Former slave)
Metternich
German born Austrian politician and statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era, served as the foreign minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, the Austrian empire
Otto von Bismarck
Served as prime minister of Prussia and was the founder and first chancellor of German empire
Benito Juarez
\n National hero and president of Mexico. Fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian for 3 years
Pancho villa and Zapata
A Mexican revolutionary leader in the northern Mexico. A Mexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform.
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the United States was destined to stretch from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean by god’s will and it has also been used to justify other Territorial acquisitions made by the United States
Deism
A form of rational theology that emerged among “freethinking” Europeans. Insisted that religious truth should be subject to the authority of human reason than divine revelation
Napoleon Bonaparte
Popular authoritarianism: limited the church: liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press
Liberalism
Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
Nationalism
Feeling patriotic pride and devotion
Abraham Lincoln
The United states’ 16th president, issued the Emancipation proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the confederacy
John A MacDonald
The first prime minister of Canada, the dominant figure of Canadian confederation, he had a political career that spanned almost half a century.
Reconstruction
The period that followed the American civil war when several United States administrations sought to reconstruct society in the former confederate states in particular by establishing and protecting legal rights of the newly freed black population.
Louis Riel
A Canadian politician who founded the province Manitoba and a political and spiritual leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies
Declaration of Independence
The document that started the American Revolution formally
Simon Bolivar
Led Venezuela’s independence, inspired others, was smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied
Conservatism
Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church
James Watt
Inventor and instrument maker. Although he invented and improved a number of industrial technologies, he is best known for his improvements to the steam engine.
Eli Whitney
U.S born inventor, patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton and speeded up process of removing seeds from cotton ciber
Socialism
An economic system based on state ownership of capital
Marx and Engels
German social philosophers who advocated an economic and social theory known as Marxism. (Marxism: theory that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change)
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