BIO 155: Final Exam (lecture)

what are the 4 main tissue types in complex animals?

• epithelial

• connective

• muscle

• nerve

function of epithelial tissue

• secretion

• absorption

• excretion

• filtration

what type of tissue forms sheets that line all body cavities?

epithelial

how are epithelial tissue connected?

through tight junctions, adhesion junctions, and gap junctions

what tissue is constantly lost and replaced by mitosis?

epithelial

what are the two types of epithelial tissue? describe them.

1. simple: squamous (cheek and blood vessels), cuboidal (lines kidneys), columnar (lines digestive cells)

2. complex: stratified (layers of cells), glandular (secretion), pseudociliated (lines esophagus)

where are simple squamous cells located?

cheek and blood vessels

where are simple cuboidal cells located?

lines the kidneys

where are simple columnar cells located?

lines digestive cells

what do complex glandular cells do? what happens when it is secreted into the blood stream/a duct?

secretion

• if it secretes into blood stream: glandular endocrine cell

• if it secretes into a duct: exocrine glandular cell

where are complex pseudociliated cells located?

lining the esophagus

what is connective tissue regarded as?

the most abundant and widely distributed tissue

what are the types of connective tissue?

liquid → semi-solid → solid

what do all connective tissue contain?

• ground substances: non-cellular material (salts)

• protein fibers

• collagen

• reticular fibers: thin and highly branched to form supporting networks

• elastin: protein that is elastic

what are reticular fibers?

thin and highly branched to form supporting network

what is elastin?

protein that is elastic; makes it easier for heart to pump blood

what does fluid connective tissue contain?

• plasma

• RBC

• WBC

• lymphocytes

• platelets

• lymph

what does plasma do in fluid CT?

carries nutrients, wastes, salt, and buffers blood

what do RBCs do in fluid CT?

NO nucleus, used for transport of O2 and CO2

what do WBCs do in fluid CT?

CONTAIN nucleus, used to fight infections

what do lymphocytes do in fluid CT?

contain T and B cells; first line of defense against pathogens

what do platelets do in fluid CT?

used in clotting

what does lymph do in fluid CT?

absorbs excess fluid

what does semi-solid CT contain?

• adipose tissue

• tendons

• ligaments

• hyaline cartilage

• elastin

• fibrocartilage

• cartilage

what does adipose tissue do in semi-solid CT?

provides E and cushions joints

what do tendons do in semi-solid CT?

connect muscle to bone

what do ligaments do in semi-solid CT?

connect bone to bone

where is hyaline cartilage found in semi-solid CT?

in the nose and ear

what does elastin do in semi-solid CT?

elastic; used in movement

where is fibrocartilage found in semi-solid CT?

between the vertebrae, prevents bones from hitting against eachother

where is cartilage found in semi-solid CT?

covering needles of bones, where the bones stop

what is solid CT composed of?

bones: composed of mostly Ca salts, produces blood cells

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

1. skeletal: voluntary movement, made of actin and myosin (proteins of movement)

2. smooth: involuntary movement; stomach and small intestine

3. cardiac: made of skeletal/smooth; heart, capillaries, veins, arteries

what is actin/myosin?

proteins of movement

what is nerve tissue?

• used to sense and respond to external environment

• neurons DO NOT divide

  • covered with myelin sheaths to direct signals

what do dendrites do?

receive chemical signals

what do axons do?

carries chemical signals

what does the synaptic terminal do?

acts as an electrical signal; changes chemicals back into electricity

what do neuroglia cells do?

nourish neuron, actively dividing

circulatory system

1. function

2. major organs

3. ancillary organs (if any)

1. transports nutrients, gases, and waste throughout the body

2. heart, arteries (RED), veins (BLUE)

3. lungs, small/large intestines, liver, and kidneys

what is the function of the heart?

to pump blood throughout the body

what is the function of arteries?

RED; take O2 rich blood away from heart, distributes O2, nutrients, and hormones throughout body

what is the function of veins?

BLUE; brings O2 poor blood back to the heart; ~75% of all blood

what is the function of the lungs?

gas exchange; brings O2 to blood and removes CO2 from body

what is the function of the small intestines?

• extracts nutrients from food

• breaks it down

• absorbs nutrients and water

• moves food along gastrointestinal tract

which organs filter blood?

liver and kidneys

digestive system

1. function

2. major organs

3. ancillary organs (if any)

1. take in food, break it down, and absorb it

2. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, epiglottis, S/L intestine, and stomach

3. liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

what is the function of the mouth?

holds saliva that contains amylase that breaks starch to glucose

what is the function of the pharynx?

links the digestive and respiratory systems; 2 holes:

• front: goes to lungs

• back: goes to stomach — esophagus

what is the function of the large intestine?

• receives liquid food waste from SI

• absorbs water and salts

• turns into solid waste

what is the function of the esophagus?

carry food and liquid from mouth to stomach

what is the function of the epiglottis?

flap of tissue that covers the trachea when eating, forcing food down the esophagus

what is the function of the stomach?

• digest food

• temporarily stores food

• contract and relax to mix and break down food into their AA

  • mixes w/ gastric acids to make chyme

• produce enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food

what is the pH of the stomach?

1

what is chyme?

semi-fluid mass of partly digested food and digestive secretions

what happens to chyme before it enters the SI?

it becomes neutralized

what organs follow the LI?

• cecum

• colon

• rectum

• anus

which vitamins are insoluable?

vitamin A, D, E, K

what is the function of the liver?

• filters harmful substances and waste from blood

• makes cholesterol

• helps produce certain hormones, protects cells, key ingredient in bile production

• makes proteins

• stores glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels (will release to keep level even)

• breaks down toxins and germs so they safely leave body in excretions

• breaks down fats in blood to produce E

what is the function of the pancreas?

• controls blood glucose

• when eating, secretes insulin or glucagon (tells body to release glucose)

what is the function of the gallbladder?

• stores bile

  • mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin, and bile salts

  • helps digestive system break down fats

excretory/urinary system

1. function

2. major organs

3. ancillary organs (if any)

1. rids body of waste

2. kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra

3. N/A

what is the function of the kidneys?

• regulate water balance in blood

• maintains blood pressure and volume

• clean toxins and waste out of blood (urea, muscle waste (creatinine), and acids)

what is the function of the urethra?

• provides a way for urine to come out of body

• exits from a hole called the urethral meatus

what is the function of the ureters?

takes urine from kidneys to bladder

what is the function of the bladder?

• excretes waste from body

• holds urea

respiratory system

1. function

2. major organs

3. ancillary organs (if any)

1. gas exchange

2. mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and 2 bronchi

3. heart, veins, and arteries

how is air moved throughout the respiratory system? (5)

1. air is inhaled through the mouth, then passes through into the pharynx

2. pharynx takes air from mouth to larynx

3. larynx moves air from pharynx to trachea

4. trachea is open to air at all times

5. air from trachea divides into 2 bronchi where gas exchange occurs

what is the function of the pharynx?

• routes air from nose/mouth to larynx

• delivers food and liquid to esophagus

• makes sure particles of food and liquid do not enter trachea and lungs

(throat)

what is the function of the larynx?

• helps breathe by funneling air from nose/mouth to trachea/lungs

• vocal cords

(voice box)

what is the function of the trachea?

• provides a path for air

• protects from harmful particles with its cilia

• prevents airway blockages

• regulates temp and humidity

reproductive system

1. function

2. major organs

3. ancillary organs (if any)

1. create a new organism

2. MALE: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, FEMALE: ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina

3. not listed in lecture

what is the process that causes menstruation to begin?

ovaries produce oocyte, enters oviduct, leads to uterus, once a month another oocyte gets released and becomes corpus luteum.

if estrogen/progesterone levels are low, menstruation begins

what is the process that allows for fertilization occurs?

ovaries produce oocyte, enters oviduct, leads to uterus, once a month another oocyte gets released and becomes corpus luteum.

if the egg and sperm unite, fertilization will occur and the zygote will implant into the corpus luteum

skeletal system

1. function

2. organs

3. ancillary organs (if applicable)

1. support, movement, production of blood cells, and stores Ca and P

2. AXIAL: skull, vertebrae, ribcage. APPENDICULAR: pelvis, appendages

3. none listed in lecture

what does the axial skeletal system consist of?

• skull: protects brain

• vertebrae: protects spinal cord

• ribcage: expands when intaking air, protects internal organs

what does the appendicular skeletal system consist of?

• pelvis

• appendages

what 3 joints are bones connected to?

1. cartilaginous: found between vertebrae

2. ligaments: connect bone to bone

3. synovial: 2 bones separated by a cavity (fingers, arthritis)

muscular system

1. function

2. organs

3. ancillary organs (if applicable)

1. moves the skeleton

2. composed of skeletal and smooth muscle

3. none listed

what are skeletal muscles?

• control voluntary movement

• found just under dermis

what is smooth muscle?

• controls involuntary movement AT ALL TIMES

• found in stomach

integumentary system

1. function

2. organs

3. ancillary organs (if applicable)

1. protect internal organs from drying out

2. skin, hair, and nails

3. not listed

what part of the integumentary system is living/dead tissue respectively?

living: skin

dead: hair and nails

nervous system

1. function

2. organs

3. ancillary organs (if any)

1. take in data, integrate it, and produce a motor output

2. receptors, nerves, brain, spinal cord, PNS, and CNS

3. not listed

what are the 2 parts of the nervous system? what do they consist of?

1. CNS: brain, spinal cord

2. PNS: nerves and ganglia outside of CNS

what is the process of the nervous system?

1. receptors in skin detect change

2. nerve impulses race theough sensory fibers into the brain

3. brain makes a decision, then sends signal to spinal cord

4. spinal cord produces motor output, sends signal to PNS

5. PNS receives signal from spinal cord and produces an output

endocrine system

1. function

2. organs

3. ancillary organs (if applicable)

1. secretes hormones into the bloodstream to target organs

2. hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads

3. none listed

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

produces ADH (anti-diuretic) and oxytocin

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

• produces thyroxin that increases metabolic rate

• produces calcitonin that lowers blood Ca

what is the function of the adrenal glands?

• produce epinephrine and NOR

• produces glucocorticoids that control blood glucose, and aldersterone that tells the kidney to absorb Na and rid body of Ca

what is the function of glucocorticoids?

• controls blood glucose

• when they go to release, they release insulin or glucagon

lymphatic system

1. function

2. organs

3. ancillary organs (if applicable)

1. production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes; keeps body healthy

2. tonsils, red bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph nodes

3. none listed

what is the function of the tonsils?

first defense against pathogens through the mouth or nose

what is the function of red bone marrow?

site of all blood cells (R/W)

what is the function of the thymus gland?

site where lymphocytes mature

what is the function of the spleen?

• cleanses the blood of cellular debris

• signals T/B cells which respond to antigens

what is the function of the lymph nodes?

• cleanses the lymph

• alerts the immune system