Atomic Structure and X-ray production

What is matter?

Anything that has mass, inertia, and occupies space

What is the Law of Conservation of Matter?

matter cannot be created or destroyed

What are the three states of matter?

solids, liquids, and gases

As conditions change, matter may

change from one form into another

What is mass?

Amount or quantity of matter in an object

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

mass cannot be created or destroyed

What is weight?

mass of an object in a gravitational field?

What is work?

Force acting upon an object to cause a displacement

What is Power? (symbol: P)

rate at which work is done

What is energy?

the ability or capacity to do work

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

energy may neither be created or destroyed

What is momentum?

Mass in motion

Momentum = ______ x Velocity

Mass

What is mechanical energy?

ability to do work

What are two forms of mechanical energy?

kinetic and potential

What is kinetic energy?

energy of motion or released energy

What is potential energy?

stored energy of position

What is thermal energy?

result of the motion of atoms and mole

What is electrical energy?

the movement of electrons (electricity)

What is nuclear energy?

energy contained in the nucleus of an atom

Electromagnetic energy is also known as

radiation

What is electromagnetic energy?

radiant energy that is the result of electric and magnetic fields/forces in space

What is Newton's first law?

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

What is Newton's 2nd law?

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass

Force = Mass x ___________

acceleration

According to Newton's 2nd law, increasing force =

increased acceleration

According to Newton's 2nd law, decreasing force =

lower acceleration

What is Newton's 3rd law?

For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action

When did Niels Bohr propose his atom model?

1913

An atom is a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular _____ around the nucleus

orbits

What structure is the most similar to the Bohr Model?

similar to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity

All matter is made up of ____

atoms

What is an atom?

smallest division of an element having all the characteristics of that element

What 3 types of subatomic particles are atoms made up of?

electrons, protons, and neutrons

Particles have different ______

properties

Protons have a

positive charge

Neutrons have

no electrical charge

_____ and ______ are found in the nucleus of the atom

protons; neutrons

Electrons have a

negative electrical charge

Electrons are always _____/______ around the nucleus of an atom

moving; spinning

Electrons spin and they move in their own path around the nucleus called

shell or orbit (orbital path)

What are the names of each shell?

k, l, m, n, o, p, q

Each shell is set in place by a _______ or _______

binding energy; energy level

What is binding energy?

energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Electrons maintain their position in orbit due to:

Centrifugal force and centripetal force

What is centrifugal forces?

outward force that would cause an electron to be "flug out" of the atom

What is a centripetal force?

force that keeps an electron in orbit

What is valence?

a number that describes the electrical and chemical characteristics of an atom

What is a valence shell?

outermost electron shell

Electrons contained in the outermost shell of an atom are called

valence electrons

Why is valence important?

determines an atom's ability to gain or lose an electron; determines conductivity of the atom

Electrons in the outermost shell are the only ones involved in

bonding

What is an ion?

an atom or a group of atoms with either an excess or deficiency of electrons in tis outermost or valence shell, making them negatively or positively charged

A stable or electrically neutral atom will have ________ of electrons and protons

equal numbers

Ionization is the process in which

an atom loses or gains electrons

For ionization to take place, there must be a

transfer of energy

Transfer of energy results in a

change in the internal energy of the atom

If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a __________.

positive ion

If an atoms gains an electron, the atom becomes a ____________.

negative ion

In radiation, ionization occurs when

the x-ray photon transfers its energy to an orbital electron and ejects that electron from the atom

If the atom has an extra electron or an electron is removed, it is __________

ionized

ionized atoms are no longer _____________

electrically neutral

Ionization is possible only with _________

electrons

A change in protons would change the

element

A change in neutrons would not cause

ionization

What is an element?

substances that consist of one type of atom

The _____ is the smallest part of an element

atom

When atoms come together, they form ________

elements

What is the purpose of the periodic table?

way to arrange the elements to show a large amount of information and organization

How many vertical column's (groups) is there in the periodic table?

18

What do the vertical columns (groups) represent?

properties like gases, metals, and non metals

What are the horizontal rows (periods) of the periodic table?

atoms are arranged by the number of electron shells (orbits/energy levels)

What information can be found in each element box?

its name, symbol, atomic number, atomic mass

What is the atomic number?

the number of protons and electrons in an atom

What is atomic mass unit?

estimates how massive one atom of that element is

Atomic mass unit indicates the

number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atomic nucleus

What is electron configuration?

number of orbital shells in an element

Electron configuration describes how many ______ are in each energy level of an atom and how the electrons are _______ within each energy level (orbit)

electrons; arranged

The innermost K-shell contains __ e- and no more

2

L-shell can have up to __ electrons

8

M-shell can have up to __ electrons

18

N-shell can have up to __ electrons

32

O-shell can have up to __ electrons

50

P-shell can have up to __ electrons

72

Q-shell can have up to __ electrons

98

What is the octet rule?

Atoms tend to combine in a way that they each can have up to 8 e- in their valence shells

Molecules or ions tend to be _________ when the outermost e- shells of their constituent atoms contain 8 electrons

most stable