Grade 11 chemistry - The gas state and gas laws

Brownian motion

The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or a gas

Kinetic molecule theory

The idea that all substances are composed of entities that are in constant, random motion

Kinetic energy

Energy possessed by moving objects

Translational motion

-The movement of an entity through space along a linear (straight-line) path

-in gases and liquids

Rotational motion

-the spinning of an entity in place

-in gases and liquids

-very limited in solids

Vibrational motion

-The back-and-forth vibration of entities

-in gases, liquids, and solids

Greenhouse effect

A natural process whereby gases and clouds absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earths surface and radiate it, heating the atmosphere and Earth’s surface

Carbon sequestration

The process of removing carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon from the atmosphere, and then storing it

Photochemical smog

A hazy cloud of air pollutants formed by the reaction of emissions of factories and vehicles with sunlight

Particulate matter

The mixture of very small solid and liquid particles found in the atmosphere

Air quality Health Index (AQHI)

A numerical scale used to indicate overall air quality based on concentration of air pollutants including ozone, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide

Off-gassing

The release of one or more gases from a substance or product at normal temperatures and pressures

Atmospheric pressure

The force per unit area exerted by air on all objects

Standard pressure

101.325 kPa (often rounded to 101.3 kPa)

Standard temperature and pressure (STP)

0 C and 101.325 kPa (exactly)

Standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP)

25 C and 100 kPa (exactly)

absolute zero

The theoretical temperature at which the entities of a material contain no kinetic energy and therefore transmit no thermal energy; equal to -273.15 C

Kelvin temperature scale

A temperature scale that includes absolute zero and the same-sized unit divisions as the Celsius temperature scale

Absolute temperature

A measurement of the average kinetic energy of the entities in a substance; unit symbol K

Charles’ law

The statement that as the temperature of a gas is increased, the volume of the gas increases proportionally, provided that the pressure and amount of gas remain constant; the volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional

Boyle’s law

The statement that as the volume of a gas is decreased, the pressure of the gas increases proportionally, provided that the temperature and amount of gas remain constant; the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional

Gay-Lussac’s Law

The statement that as the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas increases proportionally, provided that the volume and amount of gas remain constant; the temperature and pressure of a gas are directly proportional

Combined gas law

The statement that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas sample is proportional to its absolute temperature in Kelvin’s