anaphy lab 4

Spongy bone

has spaces between trabeculae, or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge

Compact bone

more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers, or lamellae, of bone

Long bones

longer than they are wide (Ex. Femur, humerus, radius)

Flat bones

relatively thin, flattened, usually curved (Ex. Scapula, sternum, ribs)

Short bones

round or nearly cube-shaped (Ex. Carpal and metatarsal bones)

Irregular bones

shapes that do not fit into other categories (Ex. Facial bones, vertebrae)

Diaphysis

shaft of the bone

Epiphyses

bone ends

Metaphysis

region between diaphysis and epiphysis

Articular cartilage

smooth covering on epiphyses

Periosteum

outer covering of bone

Endosteum

inner lining of marrow cavity

Medullary cavity

central cavity in diaphysis

Cranium (skull)

protects the brain

Frontal bone

forehead

Parietal bones

top/sides of skull; sagittal suture

Temporal bones

sides of skull; squamous suture

Occipital bone

back of skull; lambdoid suture

Sphenoid bone

butterfly-shaped skull bone

Ethmoid bone

between eyes; supports nasal cavity

Hyoid bone

"floating" bone in neck

True ribs (1–7)

attach directly to sternum

False ribs (8–10)

attach to sternum via cartilage

Floating ribs (11–12)

no attachment to sternum

Sternum

breastbone

Scapula

flat, triangular bone; has acromion process (shoulder tip)

Clavicle

S-shaped collarbone

Humerus

upper arm bone

Pelvic girdle

connects legs to body

Flexion

decreases joint angle; brings bones closer

Extension

increases joint angle; straightens bones

Hyperextension

extension beyond 180°

Plantar flexion

foot points downward (tiptoes)

Dorsiflexion

foot points upward (toward shin)

Abduction

movement away from midline

Adduction

movement toward midline

Rotation

turning of a structure around its long axis

Pronation

forearm rotates; palm faces down

Supination

forearm rotates; palm faces up/front

Circumduction

circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Elevation

moves a structure superiorly (e.g., shrugging)

Depression

moves a structure inferiorly

Protraction

gliding motion moving a structure anteriorly

Retraction

gliding motion moving a structure posteriorly

Lateral excursion

moving mandible right or left (chewing)

Medial excursion

returning mandible to midline

Opposition

thumb moves to touch a fingertip on same hand

Reposition

thumb returns to anatomical position

Inversion

sole of foot turns inward

Eversion

sole of foot turns outward