RAD 106 Quiz #1 Ch. 1-5

Stress

Produced by events that are perceived as demands on time, energy, or resources with the threat that not enough time, energy, or resources will be available to fulfill an obligation. (Overwhelming, Uncomfortable, Fight or flight response)

What are stressors?

Events, both real and imagined, that increase feelings of anxiety (busy schedule, social situations, bills/money, traffic, health)

How does change (life events and hassles) impact response to stress?

Life events (moving, death, marriage, children)

Hassles (minor changes) - running late, car troubles

Uplifts to balance hassles - planned positive activities to balance hassles (music, support from family, routine)

Out of control language

Words or phrases that express a lack of control over a situation (negative)

ex. “you made me feel…"

In control language

Statements that reflect an attitude of choice and evoke positive feelings

ex. “I feel…"

How worry affects stress

Time and energy spent concerned for things over which we have little or no control

ex. “what if…”

Buffers for stress

Activities that decrease the negative effects of stress but do not change the stressors (exercise, nutrition, vitamins, visualization, meditation, relaxation via breathing technique or recordings, positive attitude, being creative)

Study skill techniques

Review material soon after it is introduced

Plan a regular study schedule

Use as many sense as possible (seeing, saying, writing)

Study in a group

Positive can-do attitude

Test taking tips

Take the day off from study before the test to relax and prepare

Wear bright-colored clothes

Avoid a diet full of carbs the day before and the day of the test

Get a good night’s sleep

Get to the test early

Scan the test and answer all questions you know

Review your test when done and make corrections as needed

When the test is over, begin the study process all over again

Radiation

Transfer of energy

transmitted by waves through space

Energy

The ability to do work

Potential energy

Stored energy

ex. the top of a hill

Kinetic energy

Energy in motion

ex. going down a hill on roller coaster

Mechanical energy

Total sum of an object’s kinetic energy (motion) and potential energy (stored position) - ability to do physical work

ex. sound waves

Electromagnetic energy

Energy that has electromagnetic properties (x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves)

Energy that has both electric and magnetic properties and travels at the speed of light)

Sound waves

A type of mechanical energy transmitted through matter, and images of the returning sound waves can be created

Types of electromagnetic energy (speed they travel & ionizing/nondamaging?)

X-rays - ionizing/damaging

Gamma rays - ionizing/damaging

Radio waves - nondamaging

All travel at the speed of light

Types of radiation used in imaging sciences

Sound waves

X-rays

Gamma rays

Radio waves

Radiography

The process of making records, known as radiographs, of internal structures of the body using radiation

Radiographer

Person qualified to use radiation to produce images of the internal parts of the body for interpretation by a radiologist

Radiologic technologist who specializes in the use of x-rays to create images of the body

Radiologist

Physician who specializes in the use of x-rays and other forms of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the treatment and diagnosis of disease

X-rays

Electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength that is produced when elctrons moving at high velocity are suddenly stopped

Who discovered x-rays and when were they discovered?

Wilhelm Roentgen

November 8, 1895

What was painted on the screen in Roentgen’s lab when x-rays were discovered? What was emitted from the plate?

Barium platinocyanide

Light

First two names for x-rays

X-light

Roengten rays

Which Nobel Prize did Roentgen receive for his discovery of x-rays?

1st Nobel Prize in Physics

Discovered the fluoroscope and fluorescent materials

Thomas Edison

First radiation fatality

Clarence Dally

What contributions to the imaging sciences were made by Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Bequerel?

Discovered radioactivity

Development of imaging in terms of image receptors

Glass plates (WWI)

Film-screen radiography (FS)

Computed radiography (CR)

Digital Radiography (DR)

Evolution of R.T. title

X-ray technician —> x-ray technologist —> radiologic technologist —> radiographer

Technologists are involved in higher level problem solving situations and have more extensive educational preparation than technicians

Initials following an individual’s name after they pass the national ARRT exam in radiography? Meaning of initials?

R.T. (R)

Registered Technologist in Radiography

Imaging sciences

Study of the use of radiation through medicine (EXCLUDES radiation therapy)

Imaging sciences modalities in which x-rays are used

Cardiac Interventional Technology

Vascular Interventional Technology

Mammography

Computed Tomography

Bone Densitometry

PET-CT (CT portion)

Radiation Therapy

Imaging sciences modalities in which gamma rays are used

Nuclear Medicine

PET-CT & PET-MRI (PET portion)

Radiation Therapy

Imaging sciences modalities in which sound waves are used

Diagnostic Medical Sonography/ultrasound

Imaging sciences modalities in which radio waves are used

MRI

PET-MRI (MRI portion)

Accreditation

Voluntary peer review through which an agency grants recognition to an institution for a program of study that meets specified criteria

Certification

Voluntary process for an individual based on an exam, recognizing specialized professional skills

Licensure

Usually a state that grants permission for individuals to practice radiography

Purpose of JCERT

Accreditation of programs

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

Purpose of ARRT

Certification/exam

Ethical standards (Code of Ethics)

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

Purpose of ASRT

Education

Provides state licensure information

Practice standards (scope of practice)

American Society of Radioologic Technologists

Critical thinking

The art of reflecting on and evaluating your thought process for the purpose of improving it, creative action, problem solving with a creative outlook

Critical thinking examples

Challenges with communication (pediatric & geriatric)

Modifying for patient condition (patient not being able to walk)

Solving equipment malfunctions or technical problems (minor fixes or calling for repair)

Critical thinking involves…

Reflecting on and evaluating thought process for the process of improvement

Deep long-term understanding (foundations for future learning)

Reflective decision-making process because every patient presents a new situation or challenge

Problem solving

Answering questions in a methodic manner to resolve a challenging situation

Learning domains for critical thinking

(CT)

Cognitive

Affective

Psychomotor

Cognitive learning domain (CT)

Knowledge (thinking)

Team-based work

Increase understanding

Ex. classroom and lab

Affective learning domain (CT)

Behavior, attitude

Manage ethical situations

Dealing with patients/family members

Manage personal problems so they do not affect educational progress

Psychomotor learning domain (CT)

Physical action (doing)

Understanding why behind standard procedure

Ex. lab, clinical, hands-on experience

Steps in critical thinking and problem solving

Identify the problem

Investigate the problem

Formulate viable solutions

Select the best solution

Clinical education

Integrate knowledge from didactic courses into clinical practice while caring for patients

Purpose of clinical education

Develop and refine skills initially learned in didactic courses

Real-life opportunities to experience competency-based education

Perform procedures in a variety of situations and different patient conditions to refine skills and acheive competency

Learning domains in clincal education

(CE)

Cognitive

Affective

Psychomotor

Cognitive learning domain (CE)

Deals with knowledge, understanding, reason, and judgement of information

Affective learning domain (CE)

Deals with attitudes, values, feelings, emotions, etc.

Psychomotor learning domain (CE)

Deals with physical actions, coordination, neuromuscular manipulations, physical skills, etc.

Observing procedures in clinical education

Students watch and listen to the performance of radiographic procedures and therapeutic treatments

Assisting procedures in clinical education

Students aid or support the performance of radiographic procedures and therapeutic treatments

Performing procedures in clinical education

Students complete radiographic procedures and therapeutic treatments with appropriate supervision of a qualified professional

Direct supervision

Oversight of clinical procedures by a qualified professional present in the exam or treatment room with the student

Ex. mobile/surgical procedures, fluoroscopy, repeat x-rays

Indirect supervision

Oversight of clinical procedures by a qualified professional immediately available to the student

Ex. completing paperwork, etc.

Teamwork & communication in clinical education

A key element to teamwork in the clinical setting is effective communication in order to assure quality patient care and safety