Scientific & Intellectual Revolutions

A set of question-and-answer flashcards covering key concepts, figures, theories, and hominid species from the lecture on Scientific & Intellectual Revolutions.

Who was the Polish astronomer and mathematician who proposed the heliocentric model?

Nicolaus Copernicus

What is the heliocentric model?

The model of the universe that places the Sun at the center and the Earth among the planets revolving around it.

What is the geocentric model?

The model that placed the Earth at the center of the universe.

What was Copernicus' famous book that presented his revolutionary ideas about the universe?

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Which scientist provided highly accurate astronomical observations that were later used by Kepler?

Tycho Brahe

Who used Tycho Brahe's observations to develop laws of planetary motion?

Johannes Kepler

Who used a telescope to provide physical evidence supporting the heliocentric model?

Galileo Galilei

Which field of study became increasingly separated from astrology as the heliocentric model gained acceptance?

Astronomy

What is astrology?

The belief system that associated celestial movements with human lives and activities.

Who was the English scientist whose theory of evolution challenged the belief that humans were a separate supernatural creation?

Charles Darwin

What is natural selection according to Darwin?

Darwin's process through which organisms adapt and advantageous traits are favored.

What is the title of Charles Darwin's famous work presenting his theory of evolution?

On the Origin of Species

Which work by Charles Darwin focused specifically on human evolution?

The Descent of Man

Who was the Austrian neurologist credited with developing psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

What is psychoanalysis?

Freud's field of study and therapeutic method aimed at uncovering the unconscious mind.

What are Freud's three components of personality?

The id, ego, and superego

According to Freud, what is the id?

The primitive and instinctual part of the mind containing sexual and aggressive drives.

According to Freud, what is the superego?

The part of personality that operates as a moral conscience.

According to Freud, what is the realistic part of personality that mediates between the id and superego?

Ego

What is an intellectual revolution?

A major historical shift in how a society thinks, including changes in thoughts, beliefs, and social institutions.

What is a scientific revolution?

A type of intellectual revolution in which science and technology are at the center of societal change.

Which historical figures were associated with the geocentric model?

Ptolemy and Aristotle

Which human species is commonly referred to as the modern human?

Homo sapiens

Which human species was described as having a body almost half the size of Homo sapiens and short legs making the arms appear long?

Homo floresiensis

Where were fossils of Homo floresiensis discovered?

Liang Bua Cave on the island of Flores, Indonesia

Which human species is characterized as being about 5 feet tall with a brain about the size of an orange?

Homo naledi

Where were fossils of Homo naledi found?

Rising Star Cave System in South Africa

Which species is presented as an extinct human species that lived in the Philippines during the Late Pleistocene?

Homo luzonensis

Which species is associated with the Ice Age, large brain capacity, long slender legs, and shelters made of mammoth bones covered with skins?

Homo neanderthalensis