UNIT 3 SPEED ROUND

A. J. Bateman came up with the idea that . .

females almost always invest more energy into producing offspring than males invest, and therefore in most species females are a limiting resource over which the other sex will compete

R. A. Trivers came up with the idea that . .

the gender that provides more parental investment becomes the limiting resource while the other gender will compete for that resource

Sexual Dimorphism

is a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species

Mating Inhibitory Secretions

are components of the ejaculate that inhibit a female's ability to mate with another male

Copulatory Plug

a gelatinous secretion that is deposited by a male into a female genital tract to prevent her from mating with another male

Satellite Male

is an alternate reproductive strategy where a nondominant male pretends to be a female to gain access to the female a male is courting

Sneak Spawning

is an alternate reproductive strategy where a nondominant male rushes in to join the spawning rush of a spawning pair

Intrasexual Selection

members of the same gender are competing to mate with the opposite gender

Intersexual Selection

members of the opposite gender influence the characteristics of the other gender through sexual selection through selective mate choice

Cryptic Female Choice

the ability to store and separate sperm from multiple males enabling females to manipulate paternity by choosing which sperm will fertilize their eggs

Sensory Bias Model

states that female preference for certain traits evolve because they stimulate a preexisting sensory bias that may be unrelated to sex

Indicator Mechanisms

specific traits in a male that females prefer, also serve as gene models

Examples of long term gains used by females in selecting a mate

quality of territory, ability to provide parental care

Examples of short term gains used by females in selecting a mate

Nuptial Gifts, Sexual Cannibalism

Eusperm

the type of sperm that will fertilize the egg in sperm heteromorphism

Parasperm

the type of sperm that will attack and inhibit rival sperm in sperm heteromorphism

R. Fisher

Runaway Mechanisms

G. Parker

Sexual Conflict

Direct Parental Care

behaviors that have an immediate physical effect on the offspring and their survival

Indirect Parental Care

behaviors that do not have an immediate physical effect on the offspring but will still benefit the offspring

Obligate Siblicide

the stronger sibling will kill the weaker regardless of conditions

Facultative Siblicide

the stronger sibling will kill the weaker when resources are limited

Interbrood Conflict

conflict between members of the current brood and future offspring

Intrabrood Conflict

conflict between members of the same litter/brood

Sex Allocation

the way in which parents invest resources between male versus female offspring

Operational Sex Ratio

the ratio of potentially mating males to fertilize females to females

Potential Reproductive Rate

the maximum number of offspring that each parent can produce per unit time

Polygyny

Polygamy where one male has an exclusive relationship with two or more females

Polyandry

Polygamy where one female has an exclusive relationship with two or more males

Polygynandry

Polygamy where two or more males have an exclusive relationship with two or more females

Social Monogamy

A form of monogamy that is an overtly observed living arrangement where a male and female share territory and engage in behavior indicative of a social pair, but does not imply any particular sexual fidelity or reproductive pattern

Sexual Monogamy

A form of monogamy defined as an "exclusive sexual relationship" between a female and a male based on observations of sexual interactions

Genetic Monogamy

A form of monogamy that has been verified by DNA testing that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other

Visual Communication

signal travels fast, can be complex, easy to identify the sender of the signal, can be hindered by the environment or time of day, short lived

Auditory Communication

signal travels fast, can be complex, easy to identify the sender of the signal, less likely be hindered by the environment, will not be hindered by the time of day, short lived

Chemical Communication

signal travels slowly, long lasting, tends not to be complex

Releaser Pheromones

Pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient

Primer Pheromones

Pheromones that trigger a change of developmental events

Signal Pheromones

Pheromones that cause short-term changes, such as a neurotransmitter release that activates a response

Ultrasound

high frequency sounds that are beyond the range of human hearing

Infrasound

low frequency sounds that are beyond the range of human hearing

Round Dance

a specific communicative behavior of honeybees inside the beehive to communicate the location of food sources close to the colony

Waggle Dance

a specific communicative behavior of honeybees inside the beehive to communicate the location of food sources at a greater distance from the colony

Ritualization is favored by . . .

Ethologists

Receiver-Bias Mechanisms is favored by . . .

Comparative Psychologists

Ritualization focuses on . . .

the characteristics of the sender of the signal

Receiver-Bias Mechanisms focuses on . . .

the characteristics of the recipient of the signal

Intention Movements

can be considered as a behavior derived from locomotory movements

Displacement Activities

activities that occur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or more conflicting behaviors

Autonomic Responses

involuntary responses of the nervous system (ex; blushing)

Sensory Exploitation

when a receiver has a preexisting bias for a particular stimulus and the sender's signal will evolve to exploit this bias

Sensory Drive

the receiver 's characteristics are shaped by the environment and that will affect signal evolution

Home Range

an area in which an animal carries out most of its normal activities

Territory

an area in which an animal lives that it will defend from others

Corticosterone

a chronic reduction can produce abnormally aggressive behavior

Testosterone

Challenge Hypothesis

Submissive Behavior

involves an individual indicating by an act or posture that it will not challenge a dominant individual in a social group

Agonistic Fighting

escalates from an indecisive threat display

Threat Display

any behavior that signifies hostility or intent to attack another animal

Aggressive Behaviors are . . .

primarily considered to be interspecific in Animal Behavior

Agonistic Behaviors are . . .

only intraspecific

Full Sibling

r = 0.5

First Cousin

r = 0.125

R

in Hamilton's Rule the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the actor is designated by . . .

C

in Hamilton's Rule the reproductive cost to the individual of performing the act is designated by . . .

B

in Hamilton's Rule the additional reproductive benefit gained by the recipient of the altruistic act is designated by . . .

Kin Selection

behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another related individual while decreasing the fitness of the individual performing the act

Altruism

a behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another unrelated individual while decreasing the fitness of the individual performing the act

Cost of Group Living include:

increased intraspecific competition, increased risk of disease or parasites, interference with reproduction

Benefits of Group Living include:

improved foraging, decreased predation risk, ability to conserve things like energy, heat, water