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Louis Pasteur
Disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization.
Spontaneous generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter.
Pasteurization
A process of heating food and then cooling it rapidly to kill bacteria.
Integumentary System
The system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues.
Skeletal System
The system that protects and supports body organs and provides a framework for movement.
Muscular System
The system that allows manipulation of the environment and produces heat.
Nervous System
The fast-acting control system of the body that responds to internal and external changes.
Endocrine System
The system of glands that secrete hormones regulating processes such as growth and metabolism.
Lymphatic System
The system that picks up fluid from blood vessels, disposes of debris and houses white blood cells.
Cardiovascular System
The system that transports blood, carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Respiratory System
The system that supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
The system that breaks down food into absorbable units for distribution to body cells.
Urinary System
The system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates bodily fluids.
Reproductive System
The system responsible for the production of offspring.
Homeostasis
Balance within a range amid environmental pressures.
Hemostasis
The process of repair of damaged blood vessels.
Foramen Magnum
The hole in the skull where spinal cord meets the brain.
Quadrupeds
Animals with four legs.
Bipeds
Animals with two legs.
Neils Bohr
Originator of the atomic model used in biology.
Marie Curie
Conducted research on radioactivity that influenced chemistry and biology.
Selman Waksman
Discovered streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
Proton
Positively charged subatomic particle.
Neutron
Neutrally charged subatomic particle.
Electron
Negatively charged subatomic particle.
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with variations in neutrons.
Noble gases
Chemical elements with filled outer shells, non-reactive.
Ionic bond
A bond where one atom donates and another accepts an electron, stabilizing both.
Covalent bond
A bond where atoms share electrons.
Nonpolar covalent bond
Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial charges.
Hydrogen bond
Weak bond between polar molecules.
Cohesion of water
Water's ability to move against gravity, essential for life.
pH scale
Measurement of the acidity or basicity of solutions.
Macromolecules
Large complexes of molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids.
Primary Structure
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary Structure
Spirals and sheets formed by primary chains of proteins.
Tertiary Structure
The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions between groups.
Quaternary Structure
Complex of multiple polypeptide chains.
Activation Energy
The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Enzyme-substrate complex
Temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Denatured enzyme
An enzyme whose tertiary structure has changed, affecting its function.
Coenzymes
Molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Molecule that provides energy for cellular activities.
Camillo Golgi
Identified the Golgi body and contributed to neurobiology.
Cell Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer providing selective permeability to the cell.
Integral proteins
Proteins that span the cell membrane, involved in transport and signaling.
Tight junctions
Connections between cells that prevent movement of molecules between them.
Facilitated diffusion
Transport of substances across a cell membrane via integral proteins.
Osmosis
Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Isotonic solution
A solution where solute concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell.
Active transport
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient requiring energy.
Endocytosis
Process of taking materials into the cell via vesicles.
Phagocytosis
Camillo Golgi
Identified the golgi body and worked extensively in neurology; Nobel Prize winner in 1906.
Cell membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer (PLB) that provides selective permeability.
Diffusion
Movement of material from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, along the concentration gradient.
Osmosis
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Endocytosis
Method to bring larger packets of materials into cells via vesicles.
Active transport
Movement of materials against the concentration gradient using cellular energy.
Sodium-potassium pump
Integral protein that moves sodium and potassium across the cell membrane; essential for neuron function.
Epithelial Tissue
Types include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional, varying in structure and function.
Exocrine glands
Secrete bodily products via ducts; can be simple or compound in structure.
Merocrine glands
Glands that secrete products by exocytosis.
Dense connective tissue
Attaches muscles and bones to other structures; includes types such as dense regular and dense irregular tissue.
Cartilage types
Includes hyaline (medium strength), elastic (high flexibility), and fibrocartilage (high strength) with various functions.
Muscle tissue
Includes skeletal (consciously controlled), cardiac (subconsciously controlled), and smooth muscle (subconsciously controlled).
Neural tissue
Composed of neurons and supporting neuroglia cells.
Types of membranes
Include cutaneous (skin), mucous (lining of cavities), and serous (lines organs).
Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)
Gel-like matrix that cushions organs and plays a role in inflammation.
Loose Connective Tissue (Adipose)
Closely packed matrix used for fat storage, protection, and insulation.
Loose Connective Tissue (Reticular)
Network of reticular fibers supporting other cell types, gives definition to soft organs (like the spleen).
Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Regular)
Attaches muscles and bones to each other or to each other (e.g., tendons and ligaments).
Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Irregular)
Provides structural strength; found in fibrous capsules of organs and joints, the dermis of skin.
Dense Connective Tissue (Elastic)
Contains high proportions of elastic fibers, allows recoil after stretching, maintains blood flow through arteries.
Cartilage - Hyaline
Amorphous but firm matrix providing support and reinforcement, found between ribs and joints of long bones.
Cartilage - Elastic
Similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers; allows flexibility, found in the ear and epiglottis.
Cartilage - Fibrocartilage
Matrix is less firm than hyaline; absorbs compressive shock, found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
