Anatomy and Physiology exam 1 revised

Louis Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization.

Spontaneous generation

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter.

Pasteurization

A process of heating food and then cooling it rapidly to kill bacteria.

Integumentary System

The system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues.

Skeletal System

The system that protects and supports body organs and provides a framework for movement.

Muscular System

The system that allows manipulation of the environment and produces heat.

Nervous System

The fast-acting control system of the body that responds to internal and external changes.

Endocrine System

The system of glands that secrete hormones regulating processes such as growth and metabolism.

Lymphatic System

The system that picks up fluid from blood vessels, disposes of debris and houses white blood cells.

Cardiovascular System

The system that transports blood, carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

Respiratory System

The system that supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

The system that breaks down food into absorbable units for distribution to body cells.

Urinary System

The system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates bodily fluids.

Reproductive System

The system responsible for the production of offspring.

Homeostasis

Balance within a range amid environmental pressures.

Hemostasis

The process of repair of damaged blood vessels.

Foramen Magnum

The hole in the skull where spinal cord meets the brain.

Quadrupeds

Animals with four legs.

Bipeds

Animals with two legs.

Neils Bohr

Originator of the atomic model used in biology.

Marie Curie

Conducted research on radioactivity that influenced chemistry and biology.

Selman Waksman

Discovered streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle.

Neutron

Neutrally charged subatomic particle.

Electron

Negatively charged subatomic particle.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with variations in neutrons.

Noble gases

Chemical elements with filled outer shells, non-reactive.

Ionic bond

A bond where one atom donates and another accepts an electron, stabilizing both.

Covalent bond

A bond where atoms share electrons.

Nonpolar covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial charges.

Hydrogen bond

Weak bond between polar molecules.

Cohesion of water

Water's ability to move against gravity, essential for life.

pH scale

Measurement of the acidity or basicity of solutions.

Macromolecules

Large complexes of molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids.

Primary Structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

Spirals and sheets formed by primary chains of proteins.

Tertiary Structure

The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions between groups.

Quaternary Structure

Complex of multiple polypeptide chains.

Activation Energy

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Enzyme-substrate complex

Temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

Denatured enzyme

An enzyme whose tertiary structure has changed, affecting its function.

Coenzymes

Molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Molecule that provides energy for cellular activities.

Camillo Golgi

Identified the Golgi body and contributed to neurobiology.

Cell Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer providing selective permeability to the cell.

Integral proteins

Proteins that span the cell membrane, involved in transport and signaling.

Tight junctions

Connections between cells that prevent movement of molecules between them.

Facilitated diffusion

Transport of substances across a cell membrane via integral proteins.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Isotonic solution

A solution where solute concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell.

Active transport

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient requiring energy.

Endocytosis

Process of taking materials into the cell via vesicles.

Phagocytosis

Camillo Golgi

Identified the golgi body and worked extensively in neurology; Nobel Prize winner in 1906.

Cell membrane

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer (PLB) that provides selective permeability.

Diffusion

Movement of material from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, along the concentration gradient.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Endocytosis

Method to bring larger packets of materials into cells via vesicles.

Active transport

Movement of materials against the concentration gradient using cellular energy.

Sodium-potassium pump

Integral protein that moves sodium and potassium across the cell membrane; essential for neuron function.

Epithelial Tissue

Types include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional, varying in structure and function.

Exocrine glands

Secrete bodily products via ducts; can be simple or compound in structure.

Merocrine glands

Glands that secrete products by exocytosis.

Dense connective tissue

Attaches muscles and bones to other structures; includes types such as dense regular and dense irregular tissue.

Cartilage types

Includes hyaline (medium strength), elastic (high flexibility), and fibrocartilage (high strength) with various functions.

Muscle tissue

Includes skeletal (consciously controlled), cardiac (subconsciously controlled), and smooth muscle (subconsciously controlled).

Neural tissue

Composed of neurons and supporting neuroglia cells.

Types of membranes

Include cutaneous (skin), mucous (lining of cavities), and serous (lines organs).

Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)

Gel-like matrix that cushions organs and plays a role in inflammation.

Loose Connective Tissue (Adipose)

Closely packed matrix used for fat storage, protection, and insulation.

Loose Connective Tissue (Reticular)

Network of reticular fibers supporting other cell types, gives definition to soft organs (like the spleen).

Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Regular)

Attaches muscles and bones to each other or to each other (e.g., tendons and ligaments).

Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Irregular)

Provides structural strength; found in fibrous capsules of organs and joints, the dermis of skin.

Dense Connective Tissue (Elastic)

Contains high proportions of elastic fibers, allows recoil after stretching, maintains blood flow through arteries.

Cartilage - Hyaline

Amorphous but firm matrix providing support and reinforcement, found between ribs and joints of long bones.

Cartilage - Elastic

Similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers; allows flexibility, found in the ear and epiglottis.

Cartilage - Fibrocartilage

Matrix is less firm than hyaline; absorbs compressive shock, found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.