BIO TEST 111

BIO TEST 1

Nucleus

Control center of the cell — stores genetic information (DNA), directs cell activities, and makes ribosomes in the nucleolus

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes (rRNA)

Nuclear Membrane (Envelope

Protects DNA and controls what enters/leaves the nucleus

Nuclear Pores

Allow RNA and ribosomes to pass in and out

Chromatin / Chromosomes

Hold genetic code; coil into chromosomes during cell division

Mitochondria

Powerhouse” — produces ATP energy through cellular respiration

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis — converts sunlight → glucose

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Makes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, stores calcium

Golgi Apparatus / Body

Packages, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids out of the cell (using vesicles)

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and toxins; protect from hydrogen peroxide

Lysosomes

Break down worn-out organelles, food, and waste — “recycling center”

Centrioles and Centrosome

Help organize spindle fibers during cell division (mitosis)

Cytoplasm

Holds organelles and allows chemical reactions to happen

Vesicles

Transport materials within or out of the cell

Vacuole

Stores water, food, waste, and helps maintain shape in plants

Microvilli

clears pathways for surface area, especially in intestines

Cilia

Move materials over the cell or help the cell move

Flagella

Moves the cell

Cell Wall (plants only)

Provides structure and protection

Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane

Controls what enters/leaves the cell — “gatekeeper”

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

transports and modifies proteins made by ribosomes

Outer membrane

Smooth membrane that surrounds the mitochondrion and controls what enters and exits.

Inner membrane

Folded membrane that contains proteins needed to make ATP.

Cristae

Folds of the inner membrane that increase surface area for ATP production.

Matrix

Fluid-filled space inside the mitochondrion where enzymes work and energy-related reactions begin.

Mitochondrial DNA

→ DNA found inside the mitochondrion that helps make some mitochondrial proteins.

Mitochondrial ribosomes

Ribosomes inside the mitochondrion that make proteins for the mitochondrion.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Molecule that stores and provides energy for the cell.

Outer membrane (chloroplast)

Protects the chloroplast and separates it from the cytoplasm.

Inner membrane(chloroplast)

Controls movement of substances into and out of the chloroplast.

Thylakoid

Flattened sac that contains chlorophyll and absorbs light energy.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Granum (plural: grana)

Stack of thylakoids that increases surface area for light absorption.

Stroma

Fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast where the light-independent reactions occur.

Lamella

Membrane that connects grana to each other inside the chloroplast.

Chloroplast DNA

DNA inside the chloroplast that helps make some chloroplast proteins.

Chloroplast ribosomes

Ribosomes inside the chloroplast that make proteins needed for photosynthesis.

Robert Hooke

→ First scientist to observe cells in cork (1665) and coin the term “cell” after seeing box-like compartments in dead plant tissue.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First scientist to observe living cells, including bacteria and protozoa, using powerful hand-made microscopes.

Matthias Schleiden

→ Concluded that all plants are made of cells, showing cells are the basic unit of plant structure.

Theodor Schwann

→ Concluded that all animals are made of cells, extending cell theory to animals.

Rudolf Virchow

Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells, rejecting spontaneous generation and completing modern cell theory.