Didactic P1 spring

Who is Hygeia?

Greek goddess of health; daughter of Asclepius

Panacea

universal remedy

Laso

recuperation from illness

Asceso

the healing process

Aegle

radiant good health

What does the Caduceus symbolize in pharmacy?

commerce and negotiation

the snake is the serpent of:

wisdom

what is sometimes used by health organizations to symbolize medicine and healing?

caduceus

What does 'Rx' mean and where does it come from?

'Recipe' (Latin) meaning 'to take'

What is the Ebers Papyrus?

Ancient Egyptian medical text with >800 recipes

What ancient culture used clay tablets with written drug formulas?

Mesopotamia and Egypt

Shennong Bencaojing

120 drugs, 120 therapeutic substances

Charaka Samhita

Traditional indian medicine focusing on prevention

Who is the father of rational medicine?

Hippocrates

Who introduced compounding and galenicals?

Galenus of Pergamon

when were the first apothecaries established?

Islamic Golden Age

Avicenna was

the canon of medicine

Where was the first storefront apothecary and what year?

Baghdad, 754 AD

Who wrote the Canon of Medicine?

Avicenna

Who is considered the founder of chemistry and managed the first drugstore?

Jabir Ibn Hayyan

What roles did physicians vs apothecaries have? (apothecary era)

Physicians diagnose; apothecaries prepare meds

What roles did colonial/early american pharmacists serve?

Compounders, merchants, healers

Who founded the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (1617)?

Gideon de Laune

What was pivotal in elevating the status of the pharmacy profession?

The founding of the worshipful society of apothecaries

Who was the first female apothecary?

Elizabeth Greenleaf

What is the USP, when was it established, and how many drug monographs?

U.S. Pharmacopeia, 1820, 221

When and what was the first U.S. pharmacy school established?

1821, Philadelphia

APha was founded in:

1852

When and where was the first pharmacy program at a public institution established?

1860, uni of michigan (by Albert Prescott)

If one wanted to teach, what degree did they need:

PharmD

first degree for pharmacy was:

PhG

one additional year of study after a Ph.G got you a:

Ph.C

What happened to compounding during industrialization?

Declined due to mass manufacturing

What did the Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951) establish?

Prescription vs OTC drugs

what was the teaching emphasis during industrialization era:

pharmacists shift from compounders to dispensers

What was the goal of the clinical pharmacy movement (1966)?

Pharmacists as drug therapy experts

Who introduced the concept of pharmaceutical care in 1990?

Hepler and Strand

What is pharmaceutical care?

Responsible drug therapy to improve patient outcomes

What degree replaced the BS Pharmacy? (1998)

PharmD

When was the PharmD transition completed?

2003

Name three expanded pharmacist roles today.

Immunizations, MTM, collaborative practice

What is the goal of value-based care?

Improve quality and reduce costs

Why are clinical services important to community pharmacy?

Decreased product reimbursement, payment model changes, improved patient outcomes

Which organizations track pharmacist immunization authority?

APhA and NASPA

What did the PREP Act allow during COVID-19?

Expanded authority for pharmacists, interns, and technicians to administer vaccines to those 3-18

Under GA law, what vaccines can pharmacists give adults?

ACIP-recommended vaccines to adults ≥18 under protocol & 13 and older fpr flu and illness from public health emergency

Under GA law, who can pharmacy technicians vaccinate?

Adult patients (with required training)

Define Medication Therapy Management (MTM).

Services that optimize therapeutic outcomes for individual patients

What law authorized payment for MTM?

Medicare Modernization Act of 2003

Who is recognized as a provider of MTM services?

Pharmacists (not limited to pharmacists)

Who typically qualifies for MTM?

Multiple chronic conditions, multiple Part D drugs, high annual drug costs

List the 5 MTM core elements.

Medication Therapy Review (MTR), Personal Medication Record (PMR), Medication Action Plan, Intervention/referral, Documentation & follow-up

Average adherence to chronic meds without Med Sync?

~50%

How much more adherent are Med Sync patients?

2.5 times more likely to be adherent

Who benefits most from Med Sync?

Older adults, patients on multiple chronic meds, newly diagnosed patients

What is an anchor medication?

Medication used to determine sync date

Name major pharmacy-led diabetes programs.

Asheville Project, Ten City Challenge, Project IMPACT

What does BIN stand for and what does it do?

Bank Identification Number; routes the claim to the correct PBM

What does PCN stand for and what is its purpose?

Processor Control Number; locates the patient's profile within the PBM

What is the Group (Grp) number used for?

Routes the claim to the correct insurance plan

At what age does Medicare eligibility begin?

65

What does Medicare Part A cover?

Hospital inpatient, SNF, hospice, home health

What does Medicare Part B cover?

DME, ambulance, mental health, some vaccines, injectables, IVIG

What is Medicare Part C?

Medicare Advantage (private plans covering A & B, sometimes D)

What does Medicare Part D cover?

Prescription drugs

Who qualifies for Georgia Medicaid?

Age ≥65, pregnant, disabled, blind, or caregiver of disabled individual

What does DAW 0 mean?

No product selection indicated

What does DAW 1 mean?

no substitution allowed

What does DAW 2 mean?

Sub allowed. Patient requested brand

What does DAW 3 mean?

Sub allowed. Pharmacist selected product

What does DAW 4 mean?

Sub allowed. Generic not in stock

What is the format of a DEA number?

2 letters followed by 7 numbers

What does the first letter of a DEA number indicate?

Type of provider

What does the second letter of a DEA number indicate?

First letter of the prescriber's last name

What does NDC stand for?

National Drug Code

What do the three NDC segments represent?

Manufacturer, drug/strength, package size

Why are behavior change models important in pharmacy practice?

They help predict behavior, design interventions, and improve patient outcomes.

What common factors influence behavior change across models?

Readiness, motivation, environment, and social factors.

What are the five stages of change?

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance.

What defines the precontemplation stage?

Not ready to change; does not see a problem.

What defines the contemplation stage?

Thinking about change but not ready yet.

What defines the preparation stage?

Planning to change and taking small steps.

What defines the action stage?

Actively making behavior changes.

What defines the maintenance stage?

Sustaining change and preventing relapse.

What are the 5 A's?

Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange.

What does 'Ask' involve?

Identifying current health behavior.

What does 'Advise' involve?

Clear, personalized advice with risks and benefits.

What does 'Assess' involve?

Determining readiness to change.

What does 'Assist' involve?

Goal setting, problem-solving barriers, building confidence.

What does 'Arrange' involve?

Follow-up, monitoring, and adjusting the plan.

What is the 'righting reflex'?

The urge to correct or lecture the patient (should be avoided).

Who should generate most of the solutions in MI?

The patient.

Why is cultural competency important in pharmacy practice?

It shapes understanding of illness, builds trust, improves engagement, and affects medication follow-through.

What factors can influence how a patient understands or uses medications?

Beliefs, attitudes, language, communication style, and family/community involvement.

What is cultural competency?

The ability to provide effective care that aligns with patients' cultural beliefs, values, behaviors, and needs.

At what levels does cultural competency apply?

Both the organizational level and the provider level.

What are the three key elements of cultural competency?

Knowledge, attitudes, and skills.

What does 'knowledge' refer to in cultural competency?

Understanding diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors.

What does 'attitudes' refer to in cultural competency?

Being respectful, open-minded, and nonjudgmental.

What does 'skills' refer to in cultural competency?

Communication, assessment, and patient interaction skills.