UGA A&P lab practical 1

superior

toward the head

inferior

away from the head

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

anterior/ventral

front of the body

posterior/dorsal

back of body

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

frontal/coronal cut

separating anterior and posterior

transverse/horizontal cut

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

midsagittal cut

equal right and left sides

parasagittal cut

unequal right and left sides

oblique cut

diagonal cut

vertebral cavity

thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

pericardial cavity

abdominal cavity

interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

chromosomes begin decondensing and nuclear envelope begins to reform

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

epithelial

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

nervous tissue

simple squamous

- single layer of flat cells allows for diffusion and absorption where little protection is needed

- found in blood vessel lining and air sacs of lungs

simple cuboidal

secretion and absorption; found in kidney tubules and ducts of many glands

simple columnar

- often ciliated, absorption, mucus secretion, and movement of particles in one direction

- found in digestive and upper respiratory tract

pseudostratified columnar

- appears to be layered but all cells are attached to basement membrane

- often ciliated to propel mucus;

- found in trachea and respiratory tract

stratified squamous

provide protection; most widespread epithelium of body; can. be keratinized (epidermis) or non-keratinized (lining of mouth, vagina and esophagus)

transitional epithelium

- stretches readily; cells change from cuboidal when nondistended and squamous when distended

- lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

dense regular

- tightly packed parallel fibers provide strength in one direction

- have more collagen fibers than loose to provide more resistance

- found in tendons, ligaments, and vertebrae

dense irregular

- mesh of random fibers provide strength in all directions

- found in reticular layer of dermis and some organs

areolar tissue

- type of loose connective tissue; random and web-like structure to provide cushioning and allow nutrients to diffuse

- contains ground substance, fibroblasts, and elastic and collagen fibers

- found in papillary layer of dermis and some organs

reticular

- mesh-like supportive framework for soft organs

- short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers for network for other cells to attach

- found in liver, lymph organs, endocrine glands, and bone marrow

adipose

large, hollow fat cells push nuclei to periphery; little extracellular matrix

hyaline cartilage

- Most common type of cartilage; reduces friction at joints and keeps air passages open

- Short dispersed collagen fibers and lots of proteoglycans

- Found on the ends of long bones, bronchi, ribs, and nose

fibrocartilage

- thick bands of collagen fibers with chondrocytes dispersed

- compressible to absorb pressure

- found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

elastic cartilage

- elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans produce a flexible framework

- more cells and lacunae than hyaline

- found in epiglottis and external ear

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

blood

- Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

- allows for transportation of water, hormones, nutrients, and other materials

skeletal muscle tissue

provides voluntary movement and contraction; tissue contains striations and is stratified

cardiac muscle tissue

provides involuntary movement; tissue is striated and contains intercalated disks

smooth muscle tissue

provides involuntary movement to organs; contains no striations and spindle-shaped fibers

muscle fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

muscle fiber

muscle cell

deep fascia

dense connective tissue on the surface of individual muscles

fusiform

parallel skeletal muscle

convergent

widespread muscle fiber comes to singular point of attachment, typically a triangle

- ex: pectoralis major

unipennate

Fibers on one side of tendon

- ex: extensor digitorum

bipennate

fibers on both sides of tendon

ex: rectus femoris

neuron cell body/ soma

dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

nerve

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in PNS

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

epineurium

surrounds the entire nerve

perineurium

coarse connective tissue that bundles nerve fibers into fascicles

endoneurium

delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve

epidermis

Outer layer of skin; 5 layers in thick skin and 4 in thin

dermis

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

hypodermis

subcutaneous layer below the dermis; aerolar connective and adipose tissues provide fat storage, insulation, and cushioning

stratum basale

single layer of cuboidal stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes, tactile cells, and melanocytes; deepest layer of epidermis (most metabolically active)

stratum spinosum

- thicker layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin

- keratinocytes synthesize keratin and glycolipids for waterproofing (metabolically active)

stratum granulosum

- a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

- 3-5 layers of keratinocytes with thickened membrane

stratum lucidum

- a thin layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles

- looks clear bc made of dead skin cells

stratum corneum

- superficial layer of epidermis

- layers of keratinized keratinocytes give a flaky appearance

papillary layer

- superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue

- forms dermal papillae with stratum basale

- contains phagocytes, fibroblasts, and lots of capillaries

reticular layer

- deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients

- made of dense irregular connective tissue

- well vascularized and rich nerve supply

- elastin fibers provide movement and collagen fibers provide structure

hair shaft

The portion of hair that projects above the epidermis

piloerector muscle

a bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle

sebaceous gland

oil gland

sweat pores

pores located on the surface of your skin that release sweat

merocrine sweat gland

most common; responds to elevated body temperature to aid in thermoregulation

apocrine sweat gland

type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions

tactile corpuscles

touch receptors in the dermis

lamellar corpuscle

deep pressure receptors in the dermis

free edge

part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe

nail body

visible part of the nail

nail root

fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin

nail matrix

miotic basal cells responsible for nail growth

nail bed

skin underlying the nail plate

lunule

"little moon" an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail

eponychium

cuticle

central canal

at the center of the osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

concentric lamella

circular layers of calcified matrix

canaliculi

a small channel or duct; connect with other lacunae to communicate and transport nutrients

lacuna

space that houses an osteocyte; represented by darker dots; participate in communication

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the periosteum

spongy bone

composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

epiphysis

End of a long bone