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Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

President Hindenburg

He was the aging president of Germany who gave Hitler his first legal power in 1933 by making Hitler Chancellor.

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

Ruhr Crisis

1922-1923. Germany announced they couldn't pay their reperations, France invades the Ruhr VAlley to collect reperations "in Kind." (leads to Germany printing money causing hyperinflation)

Dawes and Young Plans

The Dawes Plan was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany.The Young Plan was a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930. It was presented by the committee headed (1929-30) by American Owen D.

SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany)

Founded during the latter part of the 19th century, it was Germany's largest party until 1932. Its strength was based in the growing industrial working class.

Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party)

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

Sturmabteilung (SA)

Meaning "storm troops", police troops created by Hitler, create conflict to confiscate enemies - brownshirts

Volkischer Beobachter

early NAZI party propaganda newspaper (The People's Observer)

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Schutzstaffel (SS)

an elite military unit of the Nazi party that served as Hitler's bodyguard and as a special police force.

Liberty Law

Its goal was the enactment of the Freiheitsgesetz. This law would renounce all reparations and make it a criminal offense for any German official to cooperate in their collection.

Great Depression's Impact

Unemployment grows; Hindenburg president; Nazi vs Communists; Hitler encourages violence

Chancellor Muller

German Chancellor who resigned following challenged of the Great Depression.

Chancellor Bruning

Chancellor of Germany from 1930-1932 who responded to the crisis of the Great Depression by tightening of credit and implementing cuts to wages and salaries. These policies increased unemployment and made him highly unpopular.

Chancellor von Papen

He served as the chancellor of Germany in 1932, and then as the vice-chancellor under Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1934.

KPD

German Communist Party

Chancellor von Schleicher

was a German general and the last chancellor of Germany (before Adolf Hitler) during the Weimar Republic.

Gregor Strasser

German politician, prominent figure in Nazi Party. Became a rival to Hitler. Was executed during 'The Night of the Long Knives'

Reichstag Fire

February 1933; the Reichstag was set on Fire by a secret order of Josef Goebbels; called a communist plot; Hitler convinced President Hindenburg to suspend all civil rights for Communists, socialists, liberals, and trade unionists

Reichstag Fire Decree

said that Germany was under a state of emergency, started throwing "enemies of the state" in jail, Socialists and Communists

Enabling Act

A congressional act directing the people of a United States territory to frame a proposed State constitution as a step towards admission to the Union

Herrenvolk

Master race. The term was reserved for the supposed future 'racial elite' that would rule the Third Reich

Richard Wagner

German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883)

Volksgemeinschaft (people's community)

Originally just means "lets all be friends" but the Nazis turned it into the idea that Jews and other minorities should not belong in the community of the Aryan race.

Furherprinzip

a guiding principle of political organization particularly associated with the National Socialist regime of Germany (1933-1945)

Nietzsche's Ubermensch

used frequently by Hitler and the Nazi regime to describe their idea of a biologically superior Aryan or Germanic master race; a racial version of this became a philosophical foundation for Nazi ideas.

Bolshevism/Marxism

political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution, focused on overthrowing the existing capitalist state system

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Pan-German Nationalist Party

called for the uncompromising unification of all Germans into an ethnically and politically homogeneous German Empire

Christian Social Party in Germany

political group in Germany that wanted to strengthen Christian values, did not like the Industrial Revolution. Very anti-Semitist. Blamed Germany's problems on the Jews.

Lebensraum (living space)

A political and social belief that Germans needed more space to grow. It was used as an excuse to invade Germany's neighbors.

Gleichschaltung

Hitler's technique of using Nazi-controlled associations, clubs, and organizations to coordinate his revolutionary activities.

Night of the Long Knives (1934)

Hitler decides that SA is too out of control and hires more professional personal bodyguards (SS) to kill/imprison 700 leaders of SA

Blud und Boden

a nationalist slogan expressing Nazi Germany's ideal of a racially defined national body ("blood") united with a settlement area ("soil"). By it, rural and farm life forms are idealized as a counterweight to urban ones.

German Labor Front (DAF)

the National Socialist trade union organization which replaced the various trade unions of the Weimar Republic after Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Its leader was Robert Ley's goal for Germany was to create a true social and productive community. The organization combated capitalism, liberalism but also revolted against the factory owners and the national socialist state. DAF preferred to have large companies nationalized by the German state, instead of private/family-owned companies.

Beauty of Labor

- incentivized bosses to improve working conditions - hot meals, gardens, better lighting, etc

- bosses made workers make these improvements themselves- overtime w/o pay

- only skilled workers really benefitted

Strength Through Joy

propaganda campaign of the Nazis designed to promote social events & lifestyles of good Aryans

Reich Labor Service (RAD, Reichsarbeitdienst)

[this organization] helped build roads, dams, and plant trees in Germany. It was part of the Nazi party.

Aryanization

Hitler's plan to create an entire race of Aryans, Jews were fired from their jobs and expelled from school in order to cleanse the community

Ernst Rohm

Leader of the SA (another paramilitary organization, a part of the old Nazi party, predecessor to SS) German officer and early Nazi leader, was executed by Hitler as a potential rival

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

Reich Broadcasting Association

a national network of German regional public radio and television broadcasting companies active from 1925 until 1945

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Gestapo

German secret police

Civil Service Law

these acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition.

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

Hossbach Memorandum

The summary of a meeting on 5 November 1937 between German dictator Adolf Hitler and his military and foreign policy leadership where Hitler's future expansionist policies were outlined.

Werner von Blomberg

Chief of the General Staff (Weimar), Minister of Defence (Weimar), Reichsminister for war (Nazis)

- Nazi sympathiser in Hitler's 1933 cabinet

- Ensured the army didn't stop Nazi terror attacks

- Fell from power and spent the war in obscurity

Werner von Fritsch

a prominent Wehrmacht officer, member of the German High Command, and the second German general to be killed during World War II.

Wilhelm Keitel

Chief Supreme High Command of the German Armed Forces -- Chief of Defense for German

Wehrmacht

German armed forces

Elser Plot

Elser constructed and placed a bomb near the platform from which Hitler was to deliver a speech. It did not kill Hitler, who left earlier than expected, but it did kill 8 people and injured 62 others. Elser was held as a prisoner for more than five years until he was executed at Dachau concentration camp less than a month before the surrender of Nazi Germany.

Red Orchestra

this was a communist group that was employed within the german government (they were spies who communicated back to the USSR)

-they were frequently rounded up by the gestapo

Bishop Galen

Catholic Bishop who preached sermons against racism from 1934. In 1941 he opposed the euthanasia programme publicly. He was left alone, but three subordinate priests were executed. He was imprisoned in 1944 after the failed bomb plot, but was released in 1945. The fact that he wasn't dealt with more harshly shows that the Nazis were very sensitive to public opinion. It suggests they weren't all powerful.

Dietrich von Bonhoeffer

a German Lutheran pastor, theologian and anti-Nazi dissident who was a key founding member of the Confessing Church

Kreisau Circle

In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tried to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed.

July Bomb Plot 1944

attempt to kill Hitler by army leader, Hitler was shielded by a table. 57, 000 people were executed in connection.

25 Points

Composed by Hitler. Outlines the political platform of the Nazi party.

Reich Food Estate

September 1933. Set up under Darre, the minister of food and agriculture. Controlled food production and sales and set targets and prices. Wanted to preserve the farming community as the blood source of German people. Controlled farmers very strictly.

Reich Entailed Farm Law

September 1933. Provided small farmers with security of tenure by forbidding sale, division, mortgaging of any farms 7.5-10 hectares owned by Aryan farmers. A socialist aspect of National Socialism that helped level playing field.

Wehrwirtschaft

The concept of a defence economy that provides Germany for it's needs in future wars

Autarky

A policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs (or the most vital things) by oneself.

Krupp

German business leader who created a steel making monopoly

IG Farben

A German firm that was the largest chemical company in the world during the 19th Century.

Autobahn

a German, Austrian, or Swiss expressway.

Hjalmer Schacht

a German economist, banker, centre-right politician, and co-founder of the German Democratic Party. He served as the Currency Commissioner and President of the Reichsbankunder the Weimar Republic.

Four Year Plan

The plan created by the Nazis in 1936 that served to improve the economy and infrastructure of Germany with the goal of making the country ready for war in four years.

Hermann Goering

German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946)

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

Albert Speer

As Hitler's favorite architect, Speer was in charge of building cities and structures for Hitler and designing new cities envisioned after victory in WWII.

Central Planning Board

In command system, a board appointed by gov't that makes decisions based on use of resources, distribution of output and organization of production. Relies exclusively on board to allocate government owned property.

Ex.- North Korea and Iran

Lebensborn

Places where pure German women have the job of making pure German babies

Otto von Schirach

German politician who is best known for his role as the Nazi Party national youth leader and head of the Hitler Youth from 1931 to 1940

Hitler Youth

Organizations set up under Hitler to train an educate German young people in Nazi beliefs

Reich Education Ministry

In May 1934, this agency headed by Bernhard Rust was formed. Though not much was done to the structure of education, but the curriculum was greatly changed. Biology, History and German were used to convey the Nazi ideology. Biology was used to instill racism and the Nazi interpretation of Darwinism. History was used to create a sense of responsibility in the younger generation of Germans. German lessons put an emphasis on folklore and nationalism. Even Math had a bit of Nazi ideology in it.

Napolas

Elite schols for training future Nazi leadership

Adolf Hitler Schools

Prepared future male political leaders

Ordensburgen

were schools developed for elite Nazi military echelons. There were strict requirements for admission to the schools.

Arbeitsscheu

(work-shy Reich) in April and in June 1938 in two waves of arrests more than 10,000 men as so-called "black triangle anti-social elements" to concentration camps. During the so-called June-action were also arrested about 2,500 Jews who had received previous convictions for varied reasons.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Euthanasia Program

Referring to the Nazi order for the deliberate extermination of German people institutionalized with physical, mental and emotional disabilities, carried out as a measure to prevent contamination of the Nazi-defined Aryan race.

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

Joseph Mengele

Nazi doctor at Auschwitz who performed experiments on the Jews, especially twins

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Invasion of Poland

Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II

Ghettos

City neighborhoods in which European Jews were forced to live

Madagascar Plan

Nazi plan to get rid of the Jews by expelling them to either the Middle East of Madagascar

Wansee Conference

Held in Berlin in 1942; purpose was to inform senior Nazis and governmental administrators of plans for the "final solution to the Jewish question"

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Reich Church

This was the name given to the national church into which all protestant churches in Germany merged in 1933. Towards the end of the year, the Confessional Church would break away from this church.

German Christians

This was the name of a faction within the Reich Church that tried to purge German Christianity of all "un-German" elements. Given that all of the central figures of Christianity are Jews, this involved some very radical changes. The Confessional Church broke away in protest.

Martin Niemoller

Lutheran German minister who wrote the poem "First They Came", demonstrating that some religious leaders opposed totalitarianism

Confessional Church

This was the name taken by the group of Protestants who withdrew from the Reich Church set up by the Nazis because the German Christians were trying to corrupt Christian doctrine to make the church more "Aryan". Simply by refusing to go along with the Reich Church, these Protestants were demonstrating opposition to the Nazis, and they were allowed to get away with it, at least at first. Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Pastor Niemoller were part of this church.

Reich Concordat

Guaranteed catholic marriages, protected catholic education and allowed the creation of new dioceses. Allowed hitler and the nazis free to pursue their anti-Semitic policies

Positive Christianity

Also referred to as "active" or 'practical' Christianity, it emphasized deeds over doctrine. The Nazis contrasted "positive Christianity" with "negative Christianity." The former strove to evoke good feelings - and, for that reason, was quite adaptable. The latter, with its doctrines such as original sin, worried more about the truth than whether people felt good about themselves. Thus, it resisted adaptation to popular opinion

German Faith Movement

the Nazis aimed to cultivate a teutonic paganism to replace Christianity. It revolved around the "blood + soil" ideology, replacement of Christian ceremonies, rejection of Christian ethics, and the cult of Hitler's personality.

Leni Riefenstahl

Made documentary propaganda for Hitler. 'The Triumph of the Will'. Her film was a powerful stand of the 'Nazi Rebirth'.