Chapter 11 Networks & Connections

syncretism

syncretism

The overarching theme is ___, the merging of different cultures and religions.

weather

indian ocean trade is dictated by ___

salt, gold

Trans-Saharan trade is mostly…

indian ocean

Silk Rond expands, connects to ___ ___ 

access to trade; nationalistic reaction

tribute system in China for ___ __ ___; Korea, Vietnam, Japan: subdue neighbors, spread politics/religion/language; this fostered a ___ ___

donkey; camel caravan

the ___ dominated the silk roads, but ___ ___ were very important (and also prevalent on AP exam)

diaspora

dispersion of a population from its indigenous territories, or a scattered pop. whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale (ex. jewish and African peoples)

diasporic merchant communities

communities set up by merchants away from ancestral homelands in cities along important trade routes, where they introduced their traditions into local culture

trade cities

Central Asia connects empires; ___ ___ emerge

isolated; commerce; trade

Various communities weren't fully ___/self-sustained; they were tied in varying degrees to networks of connection & interaction; ___ & ___ was most important in creating relationships w/ distant ppls

consumption habits; working people; communities

trade networks altered ___ ___ - goods more available; silk, jade, etc. allow elites to distinguish themselves from commoners; encouraged ___ ___ to specialize in particular products for distant markets instead of use in own ___

merchants

___ become distinct social group, gaining immense wealth

political life

Trade had ability to transform ___ ___: wealth from controlling & taxing trade motivates creation of & sustained new states; vehicle for the spread of religion, tech, disease, plants/animals

silk road; caravanserai

Most famous network, ___ ___ (named after most famous product), stretched from China to EU, facilitating various goods carried by caravans that stopped @ ___, inns/guesthouses along route, where merchants rested, traded, & resupplied animals; centers of cultural exchange, some developing into major cities

luxuries

Most goods on the silk road were ___ for the elite rather than staple goods - value compensated for transport costs

silk

China held monopoly on this product, but by 500CE knowledge & tech to make it spread to EA neighbors, BE, ME, India; it was a symbol of elite status & religious piety

animals; paper; bills; credit

Tech advancements make ___ more effective at transport; New forms of credit & economic exchange: ___ money, ___ of exchange, banking houses/___

elite; agriculture

Silk Road trade was modest compared to present trade, but still big econ/social impacts; direct impact was limited to ___ class; trickle-down effect on farmers: they gave up ___ to focus on silk, tools, paper, etc. for Silk Road

large, powerful states

Silk Road prospered most when ___, ___ ___ gave travelers relative security (ex. 200 BE- 200CE, Rome & China; 600-700 BE, Abbasid, & Tang; 1200-1300, Mongols encompassed almost whole route)

culture; buddhism; voluntary; beneficial

Silk Roads had more important role in spreading ___ than econ; ___ was spread by Indian traders & monks, which especially took root in Central Asian oasis cities, where conversion was ___ but ___: gave spiritual traditions & link to India

changed; decadence

Buddhism ___ as it spread: oasis town monasteries existed in ___, contrary to the original faith; begging bowls became more symbolic; temples had art, music, parties, merchants' gifts, etc.

mahayana buddhism

Buddha featured as deity w/bodhisattvas, emphasis on compassion, chance to earn merit; flourished across Silk Roads

cultures

Buddhism picked up elements of other ___; ppl’s deities become bodhisattvas

pure land school

Buddhism first entered through the Silk Road; widely accepted by 700s; ___ ___ ___: popular Buddhist expression emphasis on salvation by faith, not study/meditatio

resistance

the growth of chinese buddhim was also met with ___

monks; nuns; buddhism

the chinese gov took action against ___ & other foreign religions: 841 - 845, ___ & ___ forced to return to life as taxpaying citizens; temples destroyed or repurposed, land/metals/serfs/money confiscated

vanish; chan school; dominant

Buddhism didn't ___ despite persecution: ___ ___ of Chinese Buddhism, emphasis meditation, became ___ in Song dynasty & was favored by scholars, officials

religious; moral standards

Neo-Confucianism rejected ___ aspects of Buddhism (& Daoism) but appreciated high ___ ___ of Buddhist teachings

lower classes

Buddhism became part of Chinese popular religion amongst ___ ___, along w/ Confucianism & Daoism, which coexisted unlike european christianity

tribute missions; buddhist; confucianist schools

Korea, Japan, Vietnam borrowed from Chinese culture: ___ ___ from Korea allowed it to model its elite dass after China's; ___ & ___ ___ also took root in Korea

zen; samurai class; elite

Chan school became ___ in Japan; popular amongst ___ ___; Neo-Confucianism official ideology of Tokugawa in 1600s; Chinese writing system & interest in historical writing/calligraphy/poetry attracted ___ 

Turks; mongols; iranians/indo-europeans

Central Asia home to 3 major groups: ___ (Huns, Seljuks, Ottomans), ___ (Mongols, Tatars), ___/___-___ (Parthians, Sarmatians, Scythians)

deliberately; harsh; trade; sedentary societies; borrowed; horse & bow

the central asian nomads moved ___ from place to place, lived ___ lives, and they engaged in ___, took advantage of ___ ___, and ___ elements from other cultures. also used the ___ & ___

diasporic merchant communities

merchants rarely traveled the entire route; they often stopped at caravanserai or ___ ___ ___, where cultural exchange was prevalent

islam

some buddhist communities converted to ___ (Monotheism easy to transport)

Swahili civilization

emerged 8th century ce; set of commercial city-states stretching all along EAfr. coast (Somalia- Mrambique); early ancestors farms & fished, spoke African Bantu & traded w/ Arabian, Greek, Romans

western india; islam; metals, hides, slaves

growth of Swahiil cities stimulated by commercial life of ___ ___ following rise of ___ - opportunity for wealth & power in growing demand for ___, ___, ___

merchant class

In response to commercial opportunities, african ___ ___ emerged, villages became towns, chiefs became kings

farming; pastoral; city-states

Swahili civilization flourished by 1200s, diff. From EAfr. ___ & ___ cultures; population centered in independent ___-___, governed by own kings who competed w/ other cities - not unified by imperial system or larger state; none controlled single chokepoint of trade

mercantil elite; commoners

african goods navigated coastal waterways, preparing for shipment abroad which generated class-stratified urban societies: sharp distinction between ___ ___ & ___

syncretism amongst the swahili elite

Many swahili ruling families claimed Arab/Persian origin to bolster prestige; used Chinese & Indian goods

african; arabic; arab traders; indian ocean

Swahili was a grammatically ___ language but written in ___; Islam was introduced by ___ ___ and voluntarily adopted & spread throughout Swahili world, linking cities to ___ ___ world

islam

Indian ocean trade extended south of Afr, but not ___

great zimbabwe

powerful state whose emergence was likely linked to growing gold trade & wealth from cattle herds; demonstrated reach & transforming power of Indian Ocean trade

banana

Spread through Africa from SEAsia, enhancing agri. productivity, pop- growth, laid economic base for chiefdom & state growth across continent

maritime expeditions

1400s, china launched series of ___ ___, illustrating the connections operating in the Indian ocean

private

the Chinese had been major presence in South China Sea & SEAsian ports since 1000, but they were mostly ___ affairs

emperor yongle; tribute system

___ ___of Ming dynasty commissioned fleet of 300 ships to launch expeditions starting 1405; captained by Muslim eunuch Zheng He & sought to add distant states to ___ ___

chinese power & prestige; foreign trade; conquer; extensive empire

yongle’s expeditions established ___ ___ & ___ and control over ___ ___ throughout Indian Ocean region; china d liberately didnt see to ___/build ___ ___

reasons why chinese authorities stopped the maritime expeditions

yongle had died & high-ranking officiers saw it as waste of resources - believed their self-sufficient "middle kingdom" didn’t need much from beyond borders, and if they did, they could get it easily

merchants; craftsmen; EU

Private Chinese ___/___ continued business w/ neighboring countries, but withdrawal from Indian Ocean allowed for __ entry

peaceful & multicultural exchange

Indian ocean network is typified by ___ & ___ ___

monsoon seasons

___ ___ regulated timing of indian ocean trade; nov-march: SEAsia & africa; april-sept: inda

warehouses; diasporic merchant

result of monsoon-regulated trade: India was place of ___; Indian ocean was place of ___ ___ enclaves

diverse; specialties

Ocean travel allowed for more ___ goods, but regions had ___: afr: gold, ivory, enslaved ppls; ME: books, rugs; India: pepper, cotton textiles; seasia: spices, sugar, wood; china: silk, porcelain

population restrictions/advantages

1000CE, avg. dhow carried 100 tons; 1500 CE, avg. dhow carried 400 tons. Song dynasty ships (Junks) carried 1000 tons; size reflected ___ ___/___

Buddhism; Hinduism; trade routes

Monsoon winds foster long visits & thus greater cultural exchange (ex. ___ moves to SEA islands; ___ in mainland SEA through ___ ___

Islam; peaceful

___ was key to cultural exchange; mostly ___ conversion (exception: Turkish Muslims attacked northern India for precious gems)

geography, philosophy of caste system, regional autonomy

India was still the least affected region of Dar al-Islam because of:

Dar al-Islam

flexibility of Hinduism (Bhaktic cults): takes pieces of ___ __-___ & incorporates it into Hinduism

poor; Buddhists

Islam gained converts among ___ & ___, but mostly diffused Indian culture ("Arabic" numerals emerge from trade routes into India)

Southeast Asia

___ ___ was the land of trade & converging influence - Silk Roads expand to ocean, allowing for lots of contact with India & China

animistic; Hinduism; Buddhism

Southeast Asia had a complex cultural mix: had ___ origins; then classical exposure to ___ & ___

Khmer; Java; Malay; Sumatra Srivijayan

SEAsia dominated by 3 power zones: Mainland ___ Empire (Hindu); Various kingdoms on ___ (Hindu/Buddhist among elite; animist among masses); ___ Peninsula & ___ ___ Empire (Buddhist among elite; animist among masses)

power

Islam & Christianity enforce conversion b/c religion = ___ (tithes)

sand roads

___ ___: long-distance trade routes across Sahara that connected North Africa & Mediterranean w/ peoples in West Africa

environmental variation

Trans- African trade was rooted in ___ ___: NAfr. coast manufactured cloth, glass, weapons, books, etc; Sahara had deposits of copper & salt; oases produced dates; agricultural peoples in the south grew crops, made textiles, mined gold

savanna grasslands; forests

Agricultural sub-Sahara was divided into 2 geological zones: ___ ___ (grain crops); ___ (root & tree crops)

Arabian camel

Major turning point for African commerce: enabled long trans-Saharan treks; NAfr. Arabs carried Islam with them across the desert

trade; west-african peoples; savanna

Trans-Saharan ___ provided both incentives & resources to build new & larger political structures; ___-___ ___ in ___ were in the best position to take advantage of these opportunities in 600-1600

Hausa; city-states

___-speaking people created multiple independent ___-___; 1000, created urban & commercial culture & acted as middlemen in WAfr. commerce

monarchies; taxes; trade

WAfr. city-states were ___ with elaborate court life & various degrees of control over military forces; drew on ___ from wealth of trans-Saharan ___; quickly gained reputations for their wealth

social; gender

Growing Wafr. integration with the outer world created complex ___ hierarchies; ___ hierarchies emerged too

matrilineal; male; central; complementary

WAfr. ___ descent was replaced by 1200 & most rulers, merchants, & officials were ___; women seen as dangerous & untrustworthy but still ___ to agriculture, weaving, royal courts, & mythologies portrayed a ___ gender relationship

servants; concubines; male

Early African slaves were mostly women (domestic ___ & ___); later ___ slaves worked as state officials, porters, craftsmen, miners, agr. workers

south; wealthy Islamic households

Most African slaves came from non-lslamic/stateless societies in the ___, which were raided during dry seasons by Western states; Trans-Saharan slave trade developed, and most were sent to ___ ___ ___ in NAFr.

urban centers

West Afr. civ developed substantial ___ ___ where traders congregated & exchanged goods (ex. Timbuktu); some became centers for manufacturing

diasporic communities

Trans-Saharan commerce was facilitated by ___ ___ (like Indian Ocean basin); NAfr. merchants settled in Mali by mid 1300s; Hausa merchants settled across WAfr commercial network

islam; trade; muslim traders

As in East Asia, ___ spread with ___ & became an important element of WAfr. urban culture; it was introduced mostly by ___ ___ across the Sahara, not Arab/Turkic invasions

peaceful; voluntary; merchants; trade partners

Gradual acceptance of Islam in Africa was largely ___ & ___; Provided important links for Afr. ___ to Muslim ___ ___

literate officials; religious legitimacy; Mecca

For monarchs & courts, Islam offered a source of ___ ___ to assist in state administration, as well as ___ ___, esp. for those who gained prestige through pilgrimage to ___

Mansa Musa

Mali ruler who undertook hajj (1724) accompanied by huge entourage & sums of gold

timbuktu; mosques; arabic

By 1500s, many WAfr. cities were major centers of Islamic religious & intellectual life: ___’s schools attracted students across West Afr. & beyond; Monarchs subsidized the construction of ___; ___ was the language at religion, education, admin, & trade, but not dominant in daily life

Arabic; west africa

There was no massive migration of ___ peoples to ___ ___

urban elites; convert the masses

Islam stayed amongst ___ ___; didn’t spread much into rural WAfr. until 1800s—many rulers adopted Islam but their people practiced African religions that must be respected to stay in power, so few efforts were made to ___ ___ ___ or govern strictly w/ Islamic law

Bantu peoples; language; agriculture; iron

A sedentary population that experienced population pressure and was forced to migrate; as a result, they spread ___, ___, & ___; established conditions that allowed for empire-building during Late Postclassical period

Ethiopia

___ is Africa's exception: they stay who they are throughout history

Egyptian; Nubia; Ethiopia; Christianity

3 persistent African societies developed early b/c of outside contact: ___ Copts, ___/Kush, ___/Axum; ___ spread to these regions early; not later conquered b/c Christians didn’t want to conquer other Christians

trade; monsoons; Islamic

East African city-states were strategically located to profit from ___; ___ provide seasonal route and ___ empires intensified Indian ocean trade

luxury

African exports are ___ items (gold, ivory, etc.), as are imports: those who controlled trade had the money to buy expensive goods

increase

Africa is a new market w/ new opportunities for trade; Silk Road & Indian ocean wealth ___ b/c of African trade

Swahili

trade language; mixture of Bantu & Arabic, serves to unite an otherwise diverse region; best represents East Africa during Postclassial Period

cosmopolitan port cities

highly urbanized, wealthy, luxurious, clean; emerge along Swahili coast; people move from rural farmland to these areas (pull factor)

sources; muslims

Central Africa (Kongo, Zimbabwe) were the ___ of goods traded in E&W Afr.; no direct contact w/ ___

islamic; arabic

By 1200, millions shared ___ faith & spoke ___, and the region became a vast trading zone

reasons for Islamic world becoming a vast trade network

Prime central location in Afro-Eurasia & broke down earlier political barriers between Byzantium & Persia; commerce valued in Islamic teaching (laws for regulation prominent in Sharia), creating the framework for cross-cultural exchange

Pilgimarge to mecca; urbanization; urban elites; merchants

___ __ ___ & ___ fostered by Islamic growth; ___ ___ stimulated demand for luxury goods; Muslim ___ became big/sometimes dominant players in Med Sea, Silk Roads, Sahara, & Indian Ocean

Islamic Green revolution

crops circulated & spread throughout Afro-Eurasia, water-management practices (reservoirs, irrigation systems) spread, increased food production, pop. growth, urbanization, industrial dev.

rockets & papermaking; books & written culture; oral

China’s ___ & ____ techniques improved upon by islamic world, the latter of which strengthened bureaucratic gov & passed through EU, ME, India, spurring the rise of ___ & ___ ___ @ expense of earlier ___ traditions

jewish; christian; persia; persian; science

islamic ideas drew on ___ & ___ precedents; ___ contributed in bureaucratic/court customs; ___ became major literary language; Greek, Hellenistic, & Indian ___ translated into Arabic