Trauma + Vitamins

Tension Pneumothorax

Condition where air enters the pleural space and can’t leave, putting pressure on the lungs, heart, etc.

Tension Pneumothorax

Signs of ________ include:

• Tracheal deviation

• Distended neck veins

• Hyper resonant lung noises

Tension Pneumothorax

Treatment of _________ includes: Needle decompression, where a needle is inserted into the 2^nd intercostal space to depress the chest cavity followed by the insertion of a chest tube.

Open Pneumothorax

Air builds up in the chest cavity caused by a hole in the chest wall. Puts pressure on the lungs and can lead to a lung collapse.

Open Pneumothorax

Signs of ___________ include: Sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid and shallow breathing, fast heart rate, hypoxia

Open Pneumothorax

Treatment of ____________ includes a three-way dressing that is needed to prevent atmospheric air from entering the chest while allowing intrapleural air out

Flail Chest

Fracture of 3 or more consecutive ribs in 2 or more places. Causes paradoxical breathing.

Massive Hemothorax

Rapid accumulation of >1000ml of blood in the pleural space. Diagnosed when a tube thoracostomy reveals blood.

Cardiac Tamponade

Buildup of fluid, blood, or air in the pericardium leading to a decrease in cardiac output.

Cardiac Tamponade

Signs of __________ include Beck’s Triad - low blood pressure, distension of jugular veins, muffled heart sounds

Cardiac Tamponade

Treatment of ___________ includes a long needle with EKG on the end that shows where to suck blood from.

Colloids

Gelatinous solutions that maintain a high osmotic pressure in the blood. Particles in the ______ are too large to pass semi-permeable membranes such as capillary membranes, so _______ stay in the intravascular spaces longer than crystalloids.

Crystalloids

Solutions that contain small molecules that can easily pass through semipermeable membranes. They are used in medical settings to replenish fluid volume and maintain electrolyte balance in patients. Examples of _______ include normal saline, lactated Ringer's solution, and dextrose solutions.

Isotonic Saline

Percentage of NaCl in solution is approximate to the concentration in the intravascular space. Majority of solution ends up in interstitial and plasma volume. Used for treatment of low extracellular fluid (fluid volume deficit). Prolonged use can cause acidosis.

Ringer’s Lactate

Mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water, used to match the ion concentrations of plasma. Choice for first-line resuscitation of certain patients, such as those with burn injuries. Goes to extracellular spaces. Given to metabolic acidosis NOT lactic acidosis.

D5W

Considered to be an isotonic solution, but when the dextrose is metabolized, the solution becomes hypotonic and causes a fluid shift into the cells. 2/3rds of the infused volume ends up inside cells. Causes swelling of cells. NEVER give to patients with cerebral edema.

Hypotonic Saline

Half normal saline. Reserved for severe hyperosmolar states i.e. DKA, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State, severe dehydration.

Hypertonic Saline

Draws water from intracellular and extracellular spaces into the intravascular compartment.

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage

surgical diagnostic procedure to determine if there is free floating fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

vitamins A,D,E,K

Water-Soluble Vitamins

B-complex and vitamin C. Cannot be stored; what is not needed by the body is filtered out in the urine

B-Complex vitamins

Vitamins that include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cobalamin

Niacin

vitamin B3, helps with heart function by decreasing cholesterol. In large doses can cause flushing

Pyridoxine

vitamin B6, involved with formation of RBCs, helps with tendons and tendon strength

Cobalamin

vitamin B12, needed for the synthesis and maturation of RBCs

Beri-Beri

Deficiency of thiamine, not really an issue in NA due to fortification of foods.

Vitamin C

vitamin required for collagen synthesis, deficiency can lead to weakened skin, slow healing

Vitamin A

vitamin associated with skin, keeping it clear or clean

Vitamin D

vitamin that regulates the absorption of phosphorus and calcium

Vitamin E

antioxidant in cells, may prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

Vitamin K

vitamin that is part of the blood-clotting cascade