General Chemistry Reference Guide: Polyatomic Ions, Metric Prefixes, Solubility Rules, Acids & Bases

Vocabulary practice cards covering common polyatomic ions, metric prefixes and multipliers, solubility rules and exceptions, and list of strong acids and bases from the Chemistry 105 exam reference sheet.

Ammonium

A common polyatomic cation with the formula $NH_4^+$.

Acetate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $CH_3COO^-$.

Carbonate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $CO_3^{2-}$.

Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $HCO_3^-$.

Hydroxide

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $OH^-$.

Nitrite

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $NO_2^-$.

Nitrate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $NO_3^-$.

Chromate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $CrO_4^{2-}$.

Dichromate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$.

Phosphate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $PO_4^{3-}$.

Hydrogen phosphate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $HPO_4^{2-}$.

Dihydrogen phosphate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $H_2PO_4^-$.

Hypochlorite

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $ClO^-$.

Chlorite

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $ClO_2^-$.

Chlorate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $ClO_3^-$.

Perchlorate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $ClO_4^-$.

Permanganate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $MnO_4^-$.

Sulfite

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $SO_3^{2-}$.

Sulfate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $SO_4^{2-}$.

Hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $HSO_3^-$.

Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $HSO_4^-$.

Cyanide

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $CN^-$.

Peroxide

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $O_2^{2-}$.

Borate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $BO_3^{3-}$.

Iodate

A common polyatomic anion with the formula $IO_3^-$.

Tera-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $T$ with a multiplier of $10^{12}$.

Giga-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $G$ with a multiplier of $10^9$.

Mega-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $M$ with a multiplier of $10^6$.

Kilo-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $k$ with a multiplier of $10^3$.

Deci-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $d$ with a multiplier of $10^{-1}$.

Centi-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $c$ with a multiplier of $10^{-2}$.

Milli-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $m$ with a multiplier of $10^{-3}$.

Micro-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $\mu$ with a multiplier of $10^{-6}$.

Nano-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $n$ with a multiplier of $10^{-9}$.

Pico-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $p$ with a multiplier of $10^{-12}$.

Femto-

Metric prefix denoted by symbol $f$ with a multiplier of $10^{-15}$.

Solubility Exceptions for Halides ($Cl^-$, $Br^-$, $I^-$)

Compounds containing $Cl^-$, $Br^-$, or $I^-$ are generally soluble, except when paired with $Ag^+$, $Hg_2^{2+}$, or $Pb^{2+}$.

Solubility Exceptions for Sulfate ($SO_4^{2-}$)

Compounds containing $SO_4^{2-}$ are generally soluble, except when paired with $Ag^+$, $Hg_2^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Sr^{2+}$, or $Ba^{2+}$.

Solubility Exceptions for Carbonates, Chromates, Phosphates, and Sulfites

Compounds containing $CO_3^{2-}$, $CrO_4^{2-}$, $PO_4^{3-}$, or $SO_3^{2-}$ are generally insoluble, except when paired with Group I cations or $NH_4^+$.

Solubility Exceptions for Sulfides and Hydroxides

Compounds containing $S^{2-}$ or $OH^-$ are generally insoluble, except when paired with Group I cations, $NH_4^+$, or $Ba^{2+}$.

Strong Acids

The six strong acids listed are $HCl$, $HBr$, $HI$, $HNO_3$, $HClO_4$, and $H_2SO_4$.

Strong Bases

Bases defined as Group I & II metal hydroxides.

Pure substance

a constant composition and distinct chemical properties.

Molecules

• Neutral groups of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Mixtures

two or more physical combinations of pure substances where each substance retains its chemical identity. They can be separated by physical processes.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Mixtures that do not have a uniform composition throughout

Homogeneous Mixtures (Solutions)

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• Mixtures that have a completely uniform composition throughout.