Gen Chem 1 Final

pure substance

element or compound

mixture

heterozygous or homozygous

physical properties

melting point, color, conductivity, malleablitity

chemical properties

solubility, flammability

extensive properties

depend on quantity - weight, mass, volume, SA

intensive properties

unchanged - color, boiling pt, density

law of conservation of energy

energy can only be converted

accuracy

avg close to correct value

precision

all values close to one another

sig figs

leading zeros - never, captured zeroes - always, trailing zeros - only if decimal

law of conservation of mass

m reactant = m products

law of definite proportions/law of constant composition

percent of element in compound

law of multiple proportions

whole number ratio for 2+ compounds made of same elements

dalton’s atomic theory

matter made of tiny indivisible particles, atoms from same element have same mass and each element is different, atoms combine to form molecules, atoms can form compounds

JJ Thomson

cathode ray to discover electron, plum pudding model

Milikan

oil drop, discovered mass of electron

Rutherford

gold foil, discovered nucleus

isotope

same number protons diff number electrons

periods on tables

rows

groups/family on table

columns

order of element type on table

alkali metals, alkaline metals, transition metal, post transition, metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, noble gases

the only one that decreases top/bottom

radius

metals

malleable, ductile, conduct, form cations

nonmetals

brittle, non conduct, form anions

metaloid

solid at room temp, shiny and brittle

moles to molecules

avogadro

moles to mass

molar mass

empirical

percent to mass, mass to mol, divide by small, multiply till whole

molecular

new mass/old = whole number to multiply by empirical subscripts

combination

A+B = AB

decomposition

AB = A+B

Single replacement

A+BC=AC+B, metal replaces metal

double replacement

AB + CD = AD + CB

Combustion

C_H_ + O2 = CO2+ H2O

soluble

dissolves, dissociates into ions

insoluble

solid when mixed w water, no ions

strong acid

fully dissociates, ionic salts, strong acids, strong bases

weak acid

partially dissociates, weak acids and bases

does not dissociate

molecular (covalent) substances

predicting if precipitation reaction

if one product is s then yes

total equation

balanced equation w states of matter

ionic equation

separate all aq from total

net ionic equation

remove spectators from ionic and simplify

oxidation rules

neutral = 0, O=-2, H=+1

oxidation

lose electrons, reducing agent gives

reduction

gain of electrons, oxidizing agent accepts

multiply by where youre _ and divide by _

going, came from

limiting reactant

used first, determines theoretical yield

percent yield

actual/theoretical (100)

Molarity

mol/L

dilution

M1V1=M2V2

titrant

solution being added from buret

equivalence pt

all substance has reacted w titrant (perfect pink), OH-=H+

open system

matter and energy move between sys and surr

closed system

energy can move between sys and surr

isolated system

nothing can move between sys and surr

1st law of thermodynamis

deltaEsys = -deltaEsurr, energy is constant

work (w)

on system +w, by system -w

heat (q)

absorbed +q, released -q

state funcitons

internal energy, enthalpy

path functions

q and w

pressure volume work

w=-PdeltaV

exothermic

-H, -q, heat exits, reactant high, product low

endothermic

+H, +q heat enters, reactant low product high

standard enthalpy of formation

Moles(deltaHf given) product - moles(deltaHf given) reactants

boyle’s law

pressure and volume inverse

charles’s law

v proportional to T

avogadro’s law

v proportional to n

ideal gas law

PV1/nT1=PV2/nT2, PV=nRT

order of wavelengths, long to short

radio, micro, IR, visible, UV, xray, gamma ray

what is “n” in atomic orbitals

electron shell, positive, principle energy lvl, >L

what is “L” in atomic orbitals

subshell, shape, between 0 and n-1, s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3

what is “mL” in atomic orbitals

magnetic, # of orbitals, between -L and L

core electrons

total-valence

what is “mS” in atomic orbital

spin, +1/2 or -1/2

aufbau principle

fill diagram from lowest to highest

paulis exclusion principle

must be opposite spin directions

hund’s rule

must be 1 arrow per box before doubling

diamagnetic

all paired electrons

ionization energy

energy req to remove an electron

electron affinity

energy change to add electron to gas atom to make it ion

octet rule exceptions

H, Be, B, 4th row

2 domains

linear, 180

3 domains

trigonal planar, 120

3 domains, 1 is lone

bent, <120

4 domains

tetrahedral, 109.5

4 domains, 1 is lone

trigonal pyramidal, <109.5

4 domains, 2 are lone

bent, «109.5

5 domains

trigonal bipyramidal, 90 and 120

5 domains, 1 is lone

seesaw, 90 and <120

5 domains, 2 are lone

T shaped, 90

5 domains, 3 are lone

linear, 180

6 domains

octahedral, 90

6 domains, 1 is lone

square pyramidal, 90

6 domains, 2 are lone

square planar, 90

6 domains, 3 are lone

T shaped, 90

6 domains, 4 are lone

linear, 180

sp hybridization

linear

sp2 hybridization

trigonal planar

sp3 hybridization

tetrahedral