The Language of Medicine Chapter 13

albumin

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in blood

antibody (Ab)

specific protein (immunoglobin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, and other antigens. an antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it

antigen

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

basophil

WBC containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin

colony-stimulating factor

protein that stimulates growth of WBCs (granulocytes)

differentiation

change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

electrophoresis

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

eosinophil

white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions

erythroblast

immature red blood cell

erythrocyte

red blood cell. there are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood

erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation

fibrin

protein that forms the basis of the blood clot

globulin

plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples

granulocyte

WBC with numerous dark-staining granules; eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

hematopoietic stem cell

cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

heparin

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

immune reaction

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

immunoglobulin

protein (a globulin) with antibody activity

leukocyte

WBC

lymphocyte

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

macrophage

monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. as a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophaes destroy worn out RBCs

megakaryocyte

large platelet precursor cell found in bone marrow

monocyte

leukocyte with one large nucleus. it is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues

myeloblast

immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

neutrophil

granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. it is a phagocytic tissue fighting cell. also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte

plasmapheresis

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma

platelet

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process

polymorphonuclear

pertaining to a white blood cell with a multi-lobed nucleus; neutrophil

prothrombin

plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

reticulocyte

immature erythrocyte

serum

Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.

stem cell

unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms

thrombin

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

thrombocyte

platelet

bas/o

base

chrom/o

color

coagul/o

clotting

eosin/o

red, dawn, rosy

erythr/o

red

granul/o

granules

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

hemoglobin/o

hemoglobin

is/o

same, equal

kary/o

nucleus

leuk/o

white

mon/o

one, single

morph/o

shape, form

neutr/o

neutral (neither base nor acid)

nucle/o

nucleus

phag/o

eat, swallow

myel/o

bone marrow

poikil/o

varied, irregular

sider/o

iron

spher/o

globe, round

thromb/o

clot

-apheresis

removal, a carrying away

-blast

immature or embryonic cell

-cytosis

abnormal condition of cells

-emia

blood condition

-gen

giving rise to, producing

-globin

protein

-globulin

globulin

-lytic

pertaining to destruction

-oid

derived or originating from

-penia

deficiency

-phage

eat, swallow

-philia

attraction for

-phoresis

carrying, transmission

-poiesis

formation

Ab

antibody

ABO

blood group system

Bands

Immature granulocytes

Baso

basophils

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Immunoglobulins

Anemia

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

Aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.

-Pancytopenia: occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes

Hemolytic anemia

Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

Pernicious anemia

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.

Sickle cell anemia

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis

Thalassemia

inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia

Hemochromatosis

excess iron deposits throughout the body

Polycythemia vera

general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)

Hemophilia

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting

Purpura

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

Leukemia

increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)

acute myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (AML)

Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate. Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of the bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts.

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

Granulocytosis

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

Mononucleosis

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Multiple myeloma

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.

antiglobulin test

test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

Bleeding time

time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

Coagulation time

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

complete blood count (CBC)

Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values-MCH, MCV, MCHC

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

Hemocrit (Hct)

Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB)

total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood