Honors Anatomy & Physiology: PAK 09 Practice Test

If lymphatic return is blocked:

a. blood protein concentration soon falls below normal.

b. blood osmotic pressure soon falls below normal.

c. fluid imbalance and death will result.

d. all of the above.

all of the above.

Which would you predict would occur if a disease blocked the flow of lymph?

a. Hematopoiesis would not occur.

b. Lymphokinesis would increase.

c. The liver might become enlarged or lymphedema may occur.

d. The affected extremity would begin to shrink and become useless.

The liver might become enlarged or lymphedema may occur.

The cluster of lymph nodes found in the underarm and upper chest regions is referred to as:

a. inguinal nodes.

b. axillary nodes.

c. superficial cubital nodes.

d. superficial cervical nodes.

axillary nodes.

Steven had mumps as a child. Why did he not experience symptoms again at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus?

a. He had natural passive immunity to ward off the virus.

b. He had an injection with weakened virus shortly before he was exposed.

c. He had artificial passive immunity that he received from his brother after he had the mumps.

d. He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades and kills ______ first

a. brain cells

b. B cells

c. inflammatory mediator

d. helper T cells

helper T cells

Chris has very bad allergies, especially in the springtime, and is seeking help to overcome her allergic reactions. Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable?

a. It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergies.

b. It would replace the allergen with a different chemical and thus reduce her symptoms.

c. It would reduce the amount of human leukocyte antigen in her system.

d. It would counter the effects of the self-antigen reaction.

It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergies.

Which of the following is not true of the thymus gland?

a. It function mostly in adult life.

b. Relative size is largest in early childhood

c. It is the primary central organ of the lymphatic system.

d. It functions in the immune mechanism.

It function mostly in adult life.

All of the following drain into the thoracic duct except the ______.

a. right jugular trunk

b. left bronchomediastinal trunk

c. left jugular trunk

d. left subclavian trunk

right jugular trunk

The thymus secretes:

a. T3 and thymosin.

b. T4.

c. T3.

d. thymosin

thymosin

The protein ____ fills the cells in the top layer of the epidermis.

a. opsonin

b. sebum

c. keratin

d. mucosa

keratin

______ release perforins into the narrow space between the cells.

a. Neutrophils

b. Natural killer cells

c. Lysosomes

d. Monocytes

Natural killer cells

Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:

a. antigens.

b. prostaglandins.

c. plasma proteins.

d. antibodies.

antigens

During the process known as _____ debris is released from the cell.

a. pinocytosis

b. endocytosis

c. exocytosis

d. All of the above

exocytosis

Which of the following is a true statement?

a. The wall of the lymphatic capillary consists of a multiple layer of flattened endothelial cells.

b. Lymphatic and blood capillary networks are dependent on each other.

c. The thoracic duct is approximately the same size as the large veins.

d. Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct.

Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct.

Which best describes the mechanism involved with the central movements, or flow, of lymph?

a. Movement is caused by gravity.

b. Lymph flow in the body is the result of contracting skeletal muscles.

c. Lymph flow is caused by the contractions of blood vessels.

d. Lymph flow is caused by relaxation of the skeletal muscles.

Lymph flow in the body is the result of contracting skeletal muscles.

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

a. The release of histamine

b. The increase in vascular permeability

c. The stimulation of fibroblast growth

d. All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of:

a. two heavy and four light polypeptide chains.

b. four heavy and four light polypeptide chains.

c. four heavy and two light polypeptide chains.

d. two heavy and two light polypeptide chains.

two heavy and two light polypeptide chains.

A fully activated cytotoxic T cell produces all of the following types of cells except _____

a. suppressor T cells

b. active helper T cells

c. memory cytotoxic T cells

d. active cytotoxic T cells

active helper T cells

Which of the following is considered an autoimmune disease?

a. Lung cancer

b. Emphysema

c. Lupus

d. AIDS

Lupus

Lymph enters a node via:

a. afferent lymph vessels

b. sinuses.

c. trabeculae

d. efferent lymph vessels.

afferent lymph vessels

Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox. Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon. What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?

a. It would assist in the development of the lymphocytes in the spleen.

b. It could inhibit the chickenpox infection from developing.

c. It would stop the virus from traveling over the sensory nerve of a single dermatome.

d. It could cause an increase in white blood cells.

It could inhibit the chickenpox infection from developing.

Which tonsils are known as adenoids when they become swollen?

a. pharyngeal

b. palatine

c. lingual

d. sublingual

pharyngeal

In the first stage of their development, B cells are known by all the following terms except:

a. virgin B cells.

b. effector B cells.

c. inactive B cells.

d. naive B cells.

effector B cells.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of a(n):

a. T cell-mediated condition

b. isoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

c. B cell-mediated condition.

d. autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?

a. The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or small particles

b. A major component of the body's third line of defense

c. Part of the inflammatory response

d. A nonspecific defense

A major component of the body's third line of defense

Which is the best explanation of how immune suppression can be helpful in preventing transplant rejection?

a. Rejection involves antigen-antibody reactions, mainly IgE triggered by repeated exposure to an allergen, so immune suppression drugs would reduce the reaction to the allergen, which in this case is the transplanted organ.

b. Delayed allergic response occurs with transplanted organs, so immune suppressive drugs would reduce the allergic response and decrease rejection.

c. The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs, reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.

d. Because rejection is caused by an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens, giving immune suppression drugs would reduce this effect,

The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs, reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:

a. histocyte.

b. neutrophil.

c. Kupffer cell.

d. microglia.

neutrophil.

Where is the cisterna chyli located?

a. in the thoracic cavity, superior to the heart

b. in front of the vertebral column, at the diaphragm level

c. in the abdominal cavity, inferior to the small intestine

d. in the thoracic cavity, superior to the diaphragm

in front of the vertebral column, at the diaphragm level

Peyer's patches are isolated nodules of lymph tissue in the:

a. intestinal wall.

b. bronchial tree of the lungs.

c. bladder and urethra.

d. throat.

intestinal wall.

The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be:

a. active natural immunity.

b. active artificial immunity.

c. passive artificial immunity.

d. passive natural immunity.

active artificial immunity.

Michael, a 43-year-old, was in a serious car accident. He has a rigid and tender left hypochondrium region. His blood pressure is dropping, and he is in pain. What organ might be involved in this injury?

a. Spleen

b. Pancreas

c. Liver

d. Kidney

Spleen

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

a. rheumatoid arthritis

b. type I diabetes

c. multiple sclerosis

d. type II diabetes

type II diabetes

Which of the following start out as monocytes?

a. red blood cells

b. macrophages

c. antigens

d. All of the above

macrophages

The spleen is located in the:

a. left hypochondriac region.

b. epigastric region.

c. left lumbar region.

d. right hypochondriac region.

left hypochondriac region.

The chemical messengers that T cells release into inflamed tissues are called:

a. lymphokines.

b. pathogens.

c. suppressor cells.

d. lymphotoxins.

lymphokines.

Macrophages sensitize:

a. T cells.

b. B cells.

c. T cells and B cells.

d. none of the above.

T cells.

The size of the thymus is the largest at:

a. birth.

b. 2 years of age.

c. puberty.

d. approximately 25 years of age.

puberty.

The body's first line(s) of defense is/are:

a. the skin.

b. the mucous membranes.

c. the inflammatory response.

d. both the skin and the mucous membranes.

the skin.

Which of the following is not a site where lymphocytes "settle down?"

a. MALT

b. the spleen

c. the lymph nodes

d. the thymus

the thymus

Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?

a. reservoir for blood

b. hematopoiesis

c. white blood cell destruction

d. platelet destruction

white blood cell destruction

Adaptive immunity is also called:

a. innate immunity.

b. species immunity.

c. specific immunity.

d. nonspecific immunity.

specific immunity.

Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes?

a. hematopoiesis

b. filtration

c. phagocytosis

d. all of the above

all of the above

The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity are called the:

a. palatine tonsils

b. pharyngeal tonsils.

c. lingual tonsils.

d. laryngeal tonsils.

pharyngeal tonsils.

Which type of cells is not involved in nonspecific immunity?

a. Neutrophils

b. Macrophages

c. Monocytes

d. Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

The part of the antibody that combines with the antigen is the:

a. complement-binding site.

b. constant region.

c. carbohydrate chain.

d. variable region.

variable region.

Which of the following is true of lymphokines?

a. Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.

b. They are produced by helper T cells.

c. They are produced by B cells.

d. They inhibit macrophage activity.

Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.

The part of the lymphatic system that secretes a hormone is the:

a. palatine tonsils.

b. thymus.

c. spleen.

d. lymph nodes.

thymus.

All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system except:

a. transporting interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream.

b. transporting absorbed fats from the intestine to the blood.

c. providing immunological defenses.

d. filtering metabolic wastes.

filtering metabolic wastes.

Relative to the rest of the body, the thymus is largest at:

a. 50 years of age.

b. 10 years of age.

c. 2 years of age.

d. 20 years of age.

20 years of age.

B cell mechanisms are classified as:

a. nonspecific immunity.

b. cell-mediated immunity.

c. antibody-mediated immunity.

d. both nonspecific immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.

antibody-mediated immunity.

All of the following are made of cells except ______.

a. protozoa

b. fungi

c. viruses

d. bacteria

viruses

Where is the spleen located?

a. in the thoracic cavity, above the diaphragm

b. in the thoracic cavity, superior to the heart

c. in the abdomen, below the diaphragm

d. in the abdomen, inferior to the small intestine

in the abdomen, below the diaphragm

Examples of the lymphocytes are:

a. B cells.

b. T cells.

c. both B cells and T cells.

d. none of the above.

both B cells and T cells.

The breast—the mammary gland and surrounding tissue—is drained by the:

a. lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple.

b. inguinal lymph nodes.

c. lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple.

d. lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple and lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple.

lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple and lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple.

The tonsils located near the base of the tongue are called the:

a. palatine tonsils.

b. lingual tonsils.

c. laryngeal tonsils.

d. pharyngeal tonsils.

lingual tonsils.

Which of the following can activate, or turn on, an inactive B cell?

a. Binding to its specific antibody

b. Binding to its specific antigen

c. All B cells are activated when an infant is born.

Binding to its specific antigen

The lymph nodes located in the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle are called the:

a. superficial cubital lymph nodes.

b. submental and submaxillary groups.

c. superficial cervical lymph nodes.

d. supratrochlear lymph nodes.

superficial cervical lymph nodes.

The spleen ____ during infectious diseases and ____ in old age.

a. atrophies; hypertrophies

b. hypertrophies; atrophies

c. secretes hormones; stops functioning

d. none of the above

hypertrophies; atrophies

Which is the best explanation of how a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism?

a. The white blood cell engulfs the microorganisms and chemotaxis destroys it.

b. The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then diapedesis destroys it.

c. The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.

d. The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then the lysosomal destroy it.

The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.

Which of the following is part of the lymphatic system?

a. nodes

b. lungs

c. bladder

d. cartilage

nodes

Why is it difficult to predict the total number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases that will result from known HIV-infected patients?

a. The current treatment of highly activated antiretroviral therapy (HAART) alters the infected cells.

b. So many people have received the vaccine that there is no way to count who actually has the infection

c. Infected cells begin to change only after azidothymidine (AZT) treatment is started.

d. After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years.

After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years.

Interferon inhibits the spread of:

a. viruses.

b. yeast.

c. cancer.

d. bacteria.

viruses.

The lymph pressure gradient is established by:

a. breathing movements.

b. skeletal muscle contractions.

c. breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions.

d. parasympathetic stimulation.

breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?

a. Heat

b. Redness

c. Swelling

d. All of the above are characteristics of inflammation.

All of the above are characteristics of inflammation.

The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as "not self" is called:

a. specific immunity.

b. nonspecific immunity.

nonspecific immunity.

Lacteals:

a. drain into the right lymphatic duct.

b. are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are able to absorb fat from the digestive system.

c. are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines.

d. are able to absorb fat from the digestive system.

are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are able to absorb fat from the digestive system.

When a patient starts to have rejection problems with a transplanted organ, the problems are usually caused by:

a. a B cell-mediated condition.

b. human leukocyte antigens (HALs).

c. severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).

d. self-antigens.

human leukocyte antigens (HALs).

Which of the following is not part of the mucosa associated lymphatic tissue?

a. Peyer's patches

b. lymph nodes

c. the appendix

d. lingual tonsils

lymph nodes

Why is having an understanding of the lymphatic drainage of the breast important in formulating the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer?

a. The lymphatic drainage will start to clot and decrease further lymphatic drainage.

b. Removing the cancer can stop drainage of blood from the tumor and increase the flow of drainage of lymph from the breast area.

c. The cancerous breast tissue will decrease lymphatic drainage, thus inhibiting the spreading of the tumor cells.

d. A single cell of a primary cancer tumor can spread to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and cause metastasis.

A single cell of a primary cancer tumor can spread to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and cause metastasis.

Which of the following is not true of lymph nodes? They:

a. act as a biological filter.

b. have one efferent vessel.

c. are divided by trabeculae.

d. have one afferent vessel.

have one afferent vessel.

Lymphatics resemble veins except that:

a. lymphatics have thinner walls.

b. lymphatics contain more valves

c. lymphatics contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course.

d. all of the above.

all of the above.

The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the:

a. lower percentage of fats in lymph and interstitial fluid.

b. higher percentage of fats in lymph and interstitial fluid.

c. lower percentage of proteins in lymph and interstitial fluid.

d. higher percentage of proteins in lymph and interstitial fluid.

lower percentage of proteins in lymph and interstitial fluid.

Memory cells:

a. are a special type of T cell.

b. immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed.

c. become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen.

d. are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production.

become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen.

Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:

a. T cells and B cells.

b. agglutinogens and agglutinins.

c. antigens and antibodies.

d. red blood cells and white blood cells.

T cells and B cells.

Which of the following is not a lymph organ?

a. tonsils

b. thymus

c. pancreas

d. spleen

pancreas

When an antigen attaches to a naive B cell, it becomes:

a. a memory cell.

b. a plasma cell.

c. an effector cell.

d. all of the above.

all of the above.

The ____ tonsils are on either side of the base of the tongue.

a. lingual

b. palatine

c. pharyngeal

d. All of the above

lingual

Which of the following is not the result of an antigen-antibody complex?

a. phagocytosis

b. inflammation stimulation

c. precipitation

d. agglutination

phagocytosis

The lymph nodes perform which of the following functions?

a. hematopoiesis

b. defense

c. defense and hematopoiesis

d. control blood pressure

defense and hematopoiesis

In advanced old age, the thymus may be largely replaced by:

a. scar tissue.

b. cartilage.

c. fat.

d. protein.

fat.

Which of the following cells is not involved with nonspecific immunity?

a. Lymphocytes

b. Natural killer cells

c. Neutrophils

d. Monocytes

Lymphocytes

The fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called ____.

a. interstitial fluid

b. blood

c. lymph

d. All of the above

lymph

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called:

a. nonspecific immunity.

b. innate immunity.

c. adaptive immunity.

d. self-tolerance.

self-tolerance.

The person with thymus malfunction would:

a. produce fewer B cells, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system.

b. produce fewer T cells, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system.

c. experience an inhibition of thymosin, thus creating an increased number of macrophages in the body.

d. produce more T cell, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system.

produce fewer T cells, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system.

All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:

a. phagocytosis.

b. species resistance.

c. mechanical and chemical barriers.

d. cell-mediated immunity.

cell-mediated immunity.

The lymph nodes located in the groin are called the:

a. inguinal lymph nodes.

b. submental group.

c. axillary lymph nodes.

d. submaxillary group.

inguinal lymph nodes.

Inflammation mediators include:

a. histamine.

b. kinins.

c. prostaglandins.

d. all of the above.

all of the above.

The vast majority of the body's lymph is drained by the:

a. left lymphatic duct.

b. abdominal duct.

c. thoracic duct.

d. right lymphatic duct.

thoracic duct.

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

a. The release of chemicals that attract white blood cells

b. The formation of antibodies

c. The increase of blood flow to the inflamed area

d. All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

The formation of antibodies

Which of the following can spread HIV?

a. breastfeeding

b. sharing of needles

c. blood transfusions

d. All of the above

All of the above

Alpha interferons are produced by ____.

a. virus-infected leukocytes

b. virus-infected fibroblasts

c. activated NK cells

d. All of the above

virus-infected leukocytes

Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the:

a. small intestine.

b. spleen.

c. thymus.

d. liver.

small intestine.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) damages the immune system by:

a. overproduction of B cells.

b. overproduction of plasma cells.

c. invading T cells.

d. invading memory cells.

invading T cells.

When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection, this type of immunity is called:

a. acquired immunity.

b. natural immunity.

c. active immunity.

d. all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of the following is a function of the thymus?

a. Soon after birth, it begins to secrete a hormone that actively stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin.

b. It serves as the final sites of lymphocyte development before birth.

c. It serves as the final site of lymphocyte development before birth AND soon after birth, it begins to secrete a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells.

d. Soon after birth, it begins to secrete a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells.

It serves as the final sites of lymphocyte development before birth.

+

It serves as the final site of lymphocyte development before birth AND soon after birth, it begins to secrete a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells.

Lymph circulation is maintained by all except:

a. the heart.

b. valves.

c. inspiration.

d. skeletal muscle contractions.

the heart.

Mast cells are found in which type of tissue?

a. epithelial

b. connective

c. muscle

d. All of the above

connective