function transformations (copy)

f(x) + c

move up c

f(x) - c

move down c

f(x+c)

move left c

f(x-c)

move right c

f(-x)

reflection over y axis

-f(x)

reflection over x axis

a*f(x), a > 1

vertical stretch (x, ay)

a*f(x), 0 < a < 1

vertical compression

Point-slope-formula

y-y1 = m(x-x1)

f(bx), b >1

horizontal compression

f(bx), 0 < b < 1

Horizontal stretch (x/b , y)

Horizontal shift order**

do it first

Vertical shift order**

Do it last

Stretch/compress order

Do it 2nd

Reflections

Do it 3rd