Exam 2: Carbs, Lipids, & Proteins

True or False: One antibody can destroy multiple antigens.

False: Different antibodies are used to destroy different antigens.

Fluid imbalances that cause swelling is known as what?

Edema

Does the high intake of one amino acid lower the intake of another amino acid?

Yes

Positive Nitrogen balance

negative nitrogen balance

nitrogen equilibrium

High soy intake may decrease the absorption of what mineral?

Iron

Vegetarian

any several dietary patterns that include plant-based foods, but eliminate some or all animal derived foods.

Ovo Vegetarian

A diet that includes eggs, veggies, grain, legumes, fruit and nuts. Excludes flesh, seafood, and dairy products

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

A diet that includes dairy products, veggies, grains, legumes, fruit & nuts; excludes flesh and seafood.

Vegan

includes only food from plants.

What is the glycemic index used for?

To reveal how different foods can increase or decrease blood glucose

True or false: Insoluble fiber help reduce risk of hemorrhoids, rectal cancer, and constipation

True

What is hypoglycemia?

Low blood sugar

What are some diabetes complicaitons?

Blindness, limb amputation, & kidney failure

What is the first organ that reacts to high blood glucose levels?

The pancreas

True or false: Glycogen is a type of polysaccaride

True

Does the pancreas release inulin or glucagon when hypoglycemia occurs?

Glucagon

What are ketones?

Acids released by the body when using fats for energy.

Where is glucose stored when the liver and muscles are saturated?

stored in fat cells

Basic unit of carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Can soluble fiber lower high blood cholesterol?

Yes

Starch, glycogen, & fiber are examples of what

Complex carbs

Characteristics of type 2 diabetes

high blood glucose, insulin resistance, & high blood insulin

Are the fats in biscuits visible or invisible?

Invisible

What are the primary functions of lipids in the body?

To form cell membranes, cushion vital organs, transport fat-soluble substances, & provide energy

True or False: The storage form of fat in the body is cholesterol.

False: the storage form of fat are triglycerides.

What is the function of phospholipids in the body?

To form cell memebranes

What are lipoproteins?

What are the main lipoproteins that transport lipids in watery body fluids?

VLDL, HDL, LDL, & chylomicrons

Do plant sterols in foods prohibit the absorption of cholesterol?

YEs

What type of fats are major heart disease risks?

High LDL & low HDL

What do fats do to foods?

Enhance the flavor

What lipids play a role in bile, sex hormones, & vitamin d?

Sterols

What are sterols?

Do lipoproteins help lipids travel through watery fluids?

Yes!

What type of fatty acids should we increase in our diets?

Omega-3 & monounsaturated fats

What do amine groups consist of?

Nitrogen

What globular protein assists in oxygen transport?

Hemoglobin

During protein synthesis, information transfer from dna to rna is known as what?

Transcription

RNA to protein is what

translation

What can protein be denatured by?

Heat, bases, & alcohol

Complementary Proteins

Do complementary proteins often require the consumption of protein & carbohydrate rich foods?

Yes!!

Can amino acids be used to build antigens?

Yes

What is celiac disease?

A gluten allergy; the body is unable to problem digest gluten.

How many classes of lipids are there in the human body?

3 classes

The three classes of phospholipids are: Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

True

Where does the human body store fat?

In adipose tissue.

Would a vegan drink soy milk or whole milk?

Soy milk

What is another term for vegan?

Strict vegetarian

What is a fruitarian?

Someone who only eats raw/dried fruit, seeds, and nuts

Dietary proteins that contain all the essential amino acids?

Complete proteins

When were conditionally essential amino acids made?

When the body stops synthesizing a non-essential amino acid, making it so that the amino acid has to be gotten from the diet.

What are peptide bond’s function?

To connect amino acids to one another.

What do enzymes do?

Facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose where?

In the liver and muscle

what are insoluble fibers?

indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water.

soluble fiber

food components that readily dissolve in water, become viscous, and often impart gummy or gel-like characteristics to foods.

The fiber portion of the seed is known as the what?

Bran

protein turnover

the process in which cells breakdown and older proteins are replaced.

do fats cushion vital organs?

yes

Where are chylomicrons created?

In the small intestine

HDL

Helps remove cholesterol from the body.

LDL

Causes cholesterol build up in the body.

Linolenic Acid

An omega-6 fatty acid that can be found in vegetable oil.

Linoleic acid

An omega 3 fatty acid that is a polyunsaturated fat.