Human Body Systems Semester 1 Final Review

anterior

in front

posterior

behind

superior

above

inferior

below

proximal

close to trunk

distal

further from trunk

superficial

towards body surface

deep

away from body surface

body plane

imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body

sagittal

divided body into left and right sides

frontal

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse

divides body into superior and inferior portions

body cavities

spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

cranial cavity

brain

spinal cavity

spinal cord

thoracic cavity

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea

abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine

pelvic cavity

urinary, bladder, internal reproductive organs, some large intestine

short bones

cube shaped

flat bones

thin, flattened and curved

irregular bones

unique shapes

sesamoid bones

small, round bones within tendons

long bone

longer than they are wide

diaphysis

the long, central shaft of the long bone

epiphysis

the two rounded ends of the bone

periosteum

tough two layered membrane, covering the outer surface of bones, acting like a protective sheath that supplies blood, nerves and the stem cells for growth

compact bone

hard, dense outer layer of bones, providing strength, structure, and protection

spongy bone (end)

supports, reduces weight, produces blood cells

medullary cavity

hollow center of a long bones shaft that holds bone marrow which produces blood cells and stores fat, making bones lighter and providing essential marrow for the body

red marrow

produces blood cells from stem cells

yellow marrow

mostly fat, storing energy and converting to red marrow if needed

comminuted fracture

shattered

transverse fracture

straight across

spiral fracture

twisting

green stick fracture

children

compound/open fracture

bone pierces skin

simple/ closed fracture

clean break

skeletal muscle

movement of the skeleton, voluntary, striated

smooth muscle

moves substances through body, involuntary, organs

cardiac muscle

pumps blood throughout body, involuntary, striated, heat

hinge joint

flex and extend

ball and socket joint

wide range of motion

pivot joint

rotation

saddle joint

thumb

flexion

decrease angle between two bones or body parts at joint

extension

increase angle between two bones or body parts at joint

abduction

pulls body part AWAY from body’s midline

adduction

brings body part CLOSER to body’s midline

rotation

move sin circular path around axis

CNS

brain and spinal cord

PNS

nerves and sensory motor neurons

sympathetic

your fight or flight in the automatic nervous system

parasympathetic

contradicts the sympathetic nervous system, slowing your heart rate down

frontal lobe

thinking and movement

parietal lobe

sensory info

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

hearing and memory

cerebellum

balance and posture

brain stem

breathing, heart rate, digestion

corpus callosum

connects brain hemispheres

thalamus

directs sensory signals

hypothalamus

homeostasis (hunger, thirst, temperature)

sensory neurons

receive info

integrative neurons

determine where info is sent

motor neurons

responds to signals

dendrites

shorts, more numerous, receive info

cell body (soma)

contains nucleus and other cell organelles

axon

single long fibers, conducts info away from cell

myelin sheath

insulate axons, damage interferes with nerve signals

schwann cells

form insulating mepyelin sheath around the neurons in PNS

nodes of ranvier

gaps in insulation

axon terminal

release chemical messengers to signal other neurons, muscles, or glands across a tiny gap called synapse, allowing nerves to jump from one cell to another

astrocyte

connect blood vessels to neurons, nutrient supply

oligodendrocyte

make myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons

chromatophilic substance

primary site for synthesizing proteins needed for the neurons metabolic activities, growth, and regeneration

x ray

used to diagnose fractures, checking teeth, viewing lung for infection, finding tumors, and monitoring treatments

mri

viewing the brian, spine, joints, heart, and internal organs to find issues like tumors, injuries, or blood clots

ct

create cross sectional “slice” or 3D images of the inside of your body, showing bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels clearly helping doctors diagnose diseases and plan treatments

ultrasound

create pictures of organs and other structures inside the body

HIPPA

protects patient medical information and privacy

actin

protein forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cells

myosin

motor molecule that works to move the cell

z line boundaries

protein rich in structure that marks the boundaries of the sarcomere

basic

functional and contractile unit of striated muscle tissue