Cell Physiology: pt.2

glycoprotein

Integral proteins with attached carbohydrate groups

phospholipids

Molecules that form the membrane bi-layer

glycocalyx

A sticky coat formed over the cell surface

cholesterol

Forms pate-like wedges that help keep the membrane fluid

glycolipid

Lipids with carbohydrates attached

peripheral protein

proteins, not embedded in the lipid bi-layer, some of which are enzymes

integral protein

proteins that are firmly embedded in the lipid bi-layer

osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

dialysis

The separation of small molecules from larger ones by passing a solution through an artificial, semipermeable membrane

simple diffusion

The movement of substances from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

facilitated diffusion

The transport of substances across the plasma membrane with the help of carrier molecules

filtration

The movement of solvents and solutes across a semipermeable membrane by mechanical pressure

hypertonic- H2O leaves; becomes shriveled
isotonic- stable; H2O going in & out
hypotonic- H2O is filling it causing it to grow; cell will rupture

Explain red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions

pinocytosis

The uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid

phagocytosis

Process in which large, solid particles are taken in by the cell

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The active uptake of specific substances from the extracellular environment

phagocytosis

The disposal of germs, including viruses and bacteria from the body tissues may occur via the process of ____

pinocytosis

The acquisition of molecules or ions dissolved in the extracellular fluid is called ___

invagination

The folding of the plasma membrane resulting in the formation of a vesicle called ____

pinocytosis- PM pinches inward (imagination)
phagocytosis- PM pinches outward (pseudopods)

What is the difference, in terms of vesicle formation, of pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

RME- receptors bind to specific molecules called ligands (invagination is present)
phagocytosis- PM pinches outward (pseudopods)

What is the difference, in terms of vesicle formation, of receptor- mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis?

amino acids

The building blocks units used to construct a protein

codon

A three letter code word for individual amino acids located on a mRNA molecule

alpha-helix

A spiral-shaped type of secondary protein

replication

The duplication of DNA

primary structure

The sequence of amino acids that make-up a protein

transcription

The construction of a strand of mRNA

tertiary structure

A functional form of a protein

secondary structure

A specific shape of a polypeptide region that results from the interactions between amino acids

beta-sheet

A type of secondary protein structure that has the shape of a fan-folded piece of paper

transcription

The production of mRNA from DNA is called ____

true

A phospholipid bi-layer forms the basis of the plasma membrane

true

The plasma membrane is kept fluid by the presence of cholesterol wedged between phospholipids

true

Most integral proteins pass entirely through the phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane

false

Peripheral proteins are most often found attached to integral proteins

true

The plasma membrane is permeable to CO2 and O2

true

The plasma membrane is permeable to H2O

false

The plasma membrane is permeable to ions and most nutrient molecules

true

The rate of diffusion can be affected by temperature

false

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of water molecules than a hypotonic solution

true

Blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will crenate

false

It takes about 1 hour to complete a good session of hemodialysis

true

Simple sugars, such as fructose, galactose, and glucose, are moved across the plasma membrane by the transporter protein GLUT-1

false

Glucose transport via GLUT-1 is an active transport process

true

The uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid is termed pinocytosis

false

In the process of phagocytosis, the plasma membrane invaginates

false

The role of ribosomes in protein synthesis is to carry out transcription

true

Genes describe how to make proteins by putting the correct amino acids into a long chain in the correct order

false

The nitrogen base uracil is never found in RNA

true

The sequence of amino acids determines the function of a protein

true

A "STOP" codon signifies the end of an amino acid sequence

fluid mosaic

The ____ ____ model is used to describe the structural organization of the plasma membrane

aquaporins

The movement of water through membranes is facilitated by transport proteins called ____

concentration gradient

A ____ ____ represents that physical difference in concentration of a substance between two regions

diffusion

_____ is the net movement of substances along a concentration gradient such that equilibrium is achieved

glycocayx

Glycoproteins and glycolipids form a sticky coat over the cell surface called ____

antigen and antibodies

The immune system can distinguish body cells from foreign cell by the presence of ____ and ____ located on the cell surface

size, ionization, presence of carrier molecules, solubility in a lipid temperature

The rate of simple diffusion is affected by 5 factors. They are ____ ____ ___ ____ and ____

lipids, O2, CO2

Materials that move through membrane by simple diffusion include:

glucose, polar molecules, ions

Materials that move through membrane by facilitated diffusion include:

exocytosis

The movement of materials out of a cell, involving the formation of vesicles is called _____

endocytosis

The movement of materials into a cell, involving the formation a vesicles is called ____

phagocytosis

Certain white blood cells engulf and remove bacteria from body tissue via ___

hypertonic

A solution that has a higher solute concentration is called ____

hypotonic

A solution that has a lower concentration of solute is called ____

dialysis

____ removes waste products from the body by passing it out of the body through a filtering system (dialyser) and returning it, to the body

genes

Pieces of DNA that describe how to make a protein are called ___

tRNA

Amino acids are transported to the ribosome for protein synthesis by ____

methionine

The first amino acid in the formation of any protein is ____

"A"- first binding site in the ribosome
"P"- second binding site for the tRNA

Explain what the "A" site and "P" sites are regards to protein synthesis :