glycoprotein
Integral proteins with attached carbohydrate groups
phospholipids
Molecules that form the membrane bi-layer
glycocalyx
A sticky coat formed over the cell surface
cholesterol
Forms pate-like wedges that help keep the membrane fluid
glycolipid
Lipids with carbohydrates attached
peripheral protein
proteins, not embedded in the lipid bi-layer, some of which are enzymes
integral protein
proteins that are firmly embedded in the lipid bi-layer
osmosis
The movement of water molecules across a membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
dialysis
The separation of small molecules from larger ones by passing a solution through an artificial, semipermeable membrane
simple diffusion
The movement of substances from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
The transport of substances across the plasma membrane with the help of carrier molecules
filtration
The movement of solvents and solutes across a semipermeable membrane by mechanical pressure
hypertonic- H2O leaves; becomes shriveled isotonic- stable; H2O going in & out hypotonic- H2O is filling it causing it to grow; cell will rupture
Explain red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions
pinocytosis
The uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid
phagocytosis
Process in which large, solid particles are taken in by the cell
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The active uptake of specific substances from the extracellular environment
phagocytosis
The disposal of germs, including viruses and bacteria from the body tissues may occur via the process of ____
pinocytosis
The acquisition of molecules or ions dissolved in the extracellular fluid is called ___
invagination
The folding of the plasma membrane resulting in the formation of a vesicle called ____
pinocytosis- PM pinches inward (imagination) phagocytosis- PM pinches outward (pseudopods)
What is the difference, in terms of vesicle formation, of pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
RME- receptors bind to specific molecules called ligands (invagination is present) phagocytosis- PM pinches outward (pseudopods)
What is the difference, in terms of vesicle formation, of receptor- mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis?
amino acids
The building blocks units used to construct a protein
codon
A three letter code word for individual amino acids located on a mRNA molecule
alpha-helix
A spiral-shaped type of secondary protein
replication
The duplication of DNA
primary structure
The sequence of amino acids that make-up a protein
transcription
The construction of a strand of mRNA
tertiary structure
A functional form of a protein
secondary structure
A specific shape of a polypeptide region that results from the interactions between amino acids
beta-sheet
A type of secondary protein structure that has the shape of a fan-folded piece of paper
transcription
The production of mRNA from DNA is called ____
true
A phospholipid bi-layer forms the basis of the plasma membrane
true
The plasma membrane is kept fluid by the presence of cholesterol wedged between phospholipids
true
Most integral proteins pass entirely through the phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane
false
Peripheral proteins are most often found attached to integral proteins
true
The plasma membrane is permeable to CO2 and O2
true
The plasma membrane is permeable to H2O
false
The plasma membrane is permeable to ions and most nutrient molecules
true
The rate of diffusion can be affected by temperature
false
A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of water molecules than a hypotonic solution
true
Blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will crenate
false
It takes about 1 hour to complete a good session of hemodialysis
true
Simple sugars, such as fructose, galactose, and glucose, are moved across the plasma membrane by the transporter protein GLUT-1
false
Glucose transport via GLUT-1 is an active transport process
true
The uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid is termed pinocytosis
false
In the process of phagocytosis, the plasma membrane invaginates
false
The role of ribosomes in protein synthesis is to carry out transcription
true
Genes describe how to make proteins by putting the correct amino acids into a long chain in the correct order
false
The nitrogen base uracil is never found in RNA
true
The sequence of amino acids determines the function of a protein
true
A "STOP" codon signifies the end of an amino acid sequence
fluid mosaic
The ____ ____ model is used to describe the structural organization of the plasma membrane
aquaporins
The movement of water through membranes is facilitated by transport proteins called ____
concentration gradient
A ____ ____ represents that physical difference in concentration of a substance between two regions
diffusion
_____ is the net movement of substances along a concentration gradient such that equilibrium is achieved
glycocayx
Glycoproteins and glycolipids form a sticky coat over the cell surface called ____
antigen and antibodies
The immune system can distinguish body cells from foreign cell by the presence of ____ and ____ located on the cell surface
size, ionization, presence of carrier molecules, solubility in a lipid temperature
The rate of simple diffusion is affected by 5 factors. They are ____ ____ ___ ____ and ____
lipids, O2, CO2
Materials that move through membrane by simple diffusion include:
glucose, polar molecules, ions
Materials that move through membrane by facilitated diffusion include:
exocytosis
The movement of materials out of a cell, involving the formation of vesicles is called _____
endocytosis
The movement of materials into a cell, involving the formation a vesicles is called ____
phagocytosis
Certain white blood cells engulf and remove bacteria from body tissue via ___
hypertonic
A solution that has a higher solute concentration is called ____
hypotonic
A solution that has a lower concentration of solute is called ____
dialysis
____ removes waste products from the body by passing it out of the body through a filtering system (dialyser) and returning it, to the body
genes
Pieces of DNA that describe how to make a protein are called ___
tRNA
Amino acids are transported to the ribosome for protein synthesis by ____
methionine
The first amino acid in the formation of any protein is ____
"A"- first binding site in the ribosome "P"- second binding site for the tRNA
Explain what the "A" site and "P" sites are regards to protein synthesis :