Cell Theory & Prokaryotes
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73 Terms
Who disproved spontaneous generation using swan-neck flasks?
Louis Pasteur
What did Pasteur prove with the swan-neck flask experiment?
Spontaneous generation is false; microbes come from existing microbes.
What phrase did Louis Pasteur coin?
Omne vivum ex vivo (Life comes from life.)
What does biogenesis mean?
Living organisms arise from other living organisms.
What are the two main principles of Modern Cell Theory?
Cells come from preexisting cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life.
Who first observed cork under a microscope?
Robert Hooke
What did Robert Hooke call the tiny compartments he observed?
Cells
Who observed plant cells and concluded plants are made of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
Who concluded animals are made of cells?
Theodor Schwann
Who proposed that cells arise from preexisting cells?
Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow
What famous phrase is associated with Rudolf Virchow?
Omnis cellula e cellula (All cells come from cells.)
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
Who first observed the nucleus in plant cells?
Robert Brown
Who first described chloroplasts?
Andreas Schimper
Who first proposed that chloroplasts originated from bacteria?
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Who strongly supported the Endosymbiotic Theory with modern evidence?
Lynn Margulis
What organelles are explained by the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What does the Germ Theory of Disease state?
Microorganisms cause infectious diseases.
Who proposed that disease could spread by tiny living particles?
Girolamo Fracastoro
Who discovered handwashing greatly reduced puerperal fever?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What disinfectant did Semmelweis require physicians to use?
Chlorinated lime solution
Who traced a cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump?
John Snow
Why is John Snow considered the father of epidemiology?
He used disease mapping to identify the source of an outbreak.
Who showed microorganisms cause food spoilage and fermentation?
Louis Pasteur
Who introduced antiseptic surgery using phenol?
Joseph Lister
Who developed Koch's Postulates?
Robert Koch
What is the fundamental unit of life?
The cell
What four structures do all cells possess?
DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
What are the two major cell types?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Which domains contain prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?
No
Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
No
Where is prokaryotic DNA found?
In the nucleoid.
How many chromosomes do most prokaryotes have?
One circular chromosome.
Do eukaryotes have a nucleus?
Yes
Do eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
Yes
How many chromosomes do eukaryotes usually have?
Multiple linear chromosomes.
Which cell type is generally larger?
Eukaryotic cells
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Water moves from what type of solution to what type?
Hypotonic to hypertonic.
What is osmotic pressure?
Pressure caused by differences in solute concentration across a membrane.
What is an isotonic solution?
Same solute concentration inside and outside the cell.
What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?
There is no net movement of water.
What is a hypertonic solution?
Higher solute concentration outside the cell.
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Lower solute concentration outside the cell.
What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell.
What is crenation?
Shrinkage of animal cells in a hypertonic solution.
What is plasmolysis?
The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall in hypertonic environments.
Which cells experience plasmolysis?
Plant, fungal, and bacterial cells.
What prevents bacterial cells from bursting in hypotonic environments?
The cell wall.
What is the nucleoid?
The region containing prokaryotic DNA.
What are plasmids?
Small circular DNA molecules separate from the chromosome.
Why are plasmids important?
They often carry antibiotic resistance or virulence genes.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
What are prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S
What are eukaryotic ribosomes?
80S
What does the S in 70S and 80S stand for?
Svedberg unit
What do inclusions store?
Nutrients and energy reserves.
What do volutin granules store?
Phosphate.
What do sulfur granules store?
Sulfur.
What are gas vacuoles used for?
Buoyancy.
What do magnetosomes allow bacteria to do?
Align with Earth's magnetic field.
What are carboxysomes involved in?
Carbon fixation.
What is an endospore?
A dormant, highly resistant survival structure.
What triggers endospore formation?
Harsh environmental conditions.
What is sporulation?
The process of forming an endospore.
What is germination?
The return of an endospore to an active vegetative cell.
Name four bacteria that produce endospores.
Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium botulinum.
What is selective permeability?
The plasma membrane allows some substances to pass while blocking others.
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
The plasma membrane is a flexible phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids and proteins.
What are glycoproteins and glycolipids used for?
Cell recognition and communication.