inclusion and exclusion

pluralism

form of social stratification, varying groups participate fully in a dominant culture while maintaining their own culture e.g. Harmony day at school, Zara’s House connection between Australians and refugees meso level

pluralism and human rights

• right for all groups to maintain their cultural identities without discrimination articles 1, 2 and 7 UDHR

• freedom of religion article 18 UDHR

SVRs in UDHR

• employment article 23

• housing and healthcare article 25

• article 7 justice system

• article 27 technologies

data analysis

statistics as quantitative data to establish trends over time, ethical by referencing sources, making sure theyre reliable, limiting personal bias in interpretation

education paragraph

• lack of support restricts access to tools and knowledge for improving life chances

• future employment, knowledge to access institutions like justice system

• 2018 AIHW 3.4% of PWAD completed year 12 compared to 66% of non disabled persons, lack of support for unique needs, disempowerment

• 5.5% of PWAD couldnt attend school due to disability, lacking resources for those who cant attend in person, restricts access to higher education, movement between social classes

employment paragraph

• able bodied and neurotypical hegemony results in meso level prejudice, workplaces not taking accessibility into account

• employment needed for economic stability, safe housing, adequate healthcare

• 2018 AIHW 40% of PWAD employed compared to 80% of non disabled, ingrained prejudices from medical model restricts social mobility

• 2024 ABS nearly half of PWAD experienced unfair treatment, 24% from employers, 18% from coworkers, reduced meso interpersonal connections, limits ascension to positions of authority

healthcare paragraph

• ableist nature of healthcare system disempowers PWAD, reducing social participation across life course

• physical and mental wellbeing allows participation in education and employment

• 2018 AIHW 47% of those with severe or profound disability saw 3 or more healthcare professionals for the same condition, most research conducted on non disabled persons, invalidation of experiences furthered by intersectional identity e..g women, indigenous

• AIHW 2018 1 in 7 PWAD avoided medical facilities within a 12 month period lack of accessibility for those who cant physically get there

housing paragraph

• lack of safe housing furthers social exclusion and negative stereotypes around PWAD

• basic needs met so those further up in maslows hierarchy of needs can be met e.g. education, employment

• disability advocacy network australia over 60% of those on disability support pension experienced severe housing stress, 13% needed modifications to house

• national campaign ‘everybodys home’ “for those with an invisible disability it is very hard to get support and understanding” social differentiation

justice system paragraph

• institutional exclusion leads to invalidation of PWAD in justice system

• compensation for injustices allows access to education and employment without experiencing discrimination

• human rights commission 24% of criminal incidents in 2024 affected PWAD, BSL 16% of PWAD have deep exclusion

• BOCSAR 2024 70% of false confessions had intellectual disability, 90% of indigenous people before court had intellectual disability or mental illness, reinforces macro level negative perceptions and villainisation of PWAD

technologies PWAD stat

28.5% of PWAD dont use internet

technologies education stats

5.5% couldnt attend school due to disability, inability to work remotely

technologies healthcare stats

1 in 7 avoided medical facilities in 12 month period, lack of access to online alternatives, only 10% of hearing aid demand met

technologies employment stats

2.5 million need assistive technologies, 1 million cant access, most job recruitment happens online e.g. Indeed

technologies justice stats

70% of legal help centres offer support mostly online

historical forces

medical model dominance, inaccurate views of PWAD

economic forces

capitalist labour market prioritises efficiency over equality, chloe hayden ted talk functioning labels capitalism, higher cost of living for PWAD

political forces

90% of PWAD dont qualify for NDIS, australian disability enterprises where PWAD are paid way less than minimum wage, neoliberal governance shifts away from structural barriers, lack of political rep only one with visible disability jordon steele-john WA greens senator

legal forces

limitations of 1992 disability act, doesnt require employers to adjust if its an “unjustifiable hardship” complaints after discrimination has occurred, burden of proof on individual, 2024 indigenous times article right to silence breached

perceptions evidence

• stella young 2014 ted talk exceptionalisation of PWAD due to low expectations

• 2022 Chloe Hayden Australia’s first openly autistic actress, still a palatable representation, not intersectional, not higher support needs

• 2.4 of speaking characters in the most popular movies released in 2024 had disabilities according to University of Southern California study, same level as in 2015 despite 5.5 million Australians having a disability (ABS)

• stereotyped representations in media

community initiatives

1. AccessAbility, adjustment plans for students with disability

2. tenambit primary school first deafblind class in mainstream school

gov initiatives

1. NDIS fund homecare, financial and employment support

2. DDA 1992 easily accessible through internet, rights of PWAD, Nearly one in five (19.9%) school students in 2019 receiving adjustments, and 90% of students with disability attending mainstream schools as of 2018

racism stats

• indigenous people 20-50% more likely to be disabled

• first nations people with disability 1.6 times more likely to report racism than those without

• 70% of first nations people with disability had schooling or employment restriction