Flashcards AP World History: 600 BCE – 600 CE (Unit 0) | Quizlet

Which ancient text served as a foundational source for the codification of Hinduism in South Asia?

A) Tao Te Ching

B) Upanishads

C) Torah

D) Analects

B) Upanishads

Which philosophy was adopted by Han Dynasty emperors as the official state ideology to justify hierarchical rule?

A) Legalism

B) Daoism

C) Confucianism

D) Buddhism

C) Confucianism

How did Christianity transform within the Roman Empire during the 4th century CE?

A) It was completely banned by Constantine.

B) It originated in Roman-controlled Judea and eventually became the official state religion.

C) It merged with Legalism to create a military code.

D) It remained an isolated religion limited to Alexandria.

B) It originated in Roman-controlled Judea and eventually became the official state religion.

Which political entity in the Americas was structured as independent city-states rather than a single unified land empire?

A) Han Dynasty

B) Maya

C) Maurya Empire

D) Achaemenid Persian Empire

B) Maya

What key environmental technological development enabled extensive trans-Saharan trade between West and North Africa?

A) Lateen sail

B) Dromedary camel domestication

C) Trireme construction

D) Aqueduct engineering

B) Dromedary camel domestication

What seasonal weather phenomenon was essential for enabling maritime trade across the Indian Ocean network?

A) Trade winds

B) Saharan sandstorms

C) Monsoon winds

D) El Niño cycles

C) Monsoon winds

Which region was known as the 'breadbasket' of the Roman Empire due to its massive grain exports?

A) Egypt/North Africa

B) Gaul

C) Mesoamerica

D) Bactria

A) Egypt/North Africa

Which innovation, refined by Cai Lun around 105 CE in Han China, revolutionized bureaucracy and record-keeping?

A) Cuneiform tablets

B) Paper

C) Printing press

D) Papyrus scrolls

B) Paper

What artistic style resulted from the syncretic fusion of Greek and Indian cultural influences along Silk Road trade routes?

A) Olmec monumental heads

B) Gandharan Buddhist sculpture

C) Punic mosaic art

D) Byzantine iconoclasm

B) Gandharan Buddhist sculpture

Under which Maurya emperor were Buddhist edicts inscribed on pillars to project moral authority across South Asia?

A) Chandragupta Maurya

B) Ashoka

C) Cyrus the Great

D) Constantine

B) Ashoka

Which underground irrigation technology was developed by Persia to enable agriculture in arid regions?

A) Aqueducts

B) Qanats

C) Terrace fields

D) Raised wetland fields

B) Qanats

What distinguished Mesoamerican economic trade networks from Afro-Eurasian networks between 600 BCE and 600 CE?

A) Absence of coinage and lack of contact with Afro-Eurasia

B) Total reliance on sea trade via dhows

C) Widespread use of silk as currency

D) Universal use of camel caravans

A) Absence of coinage and lack of contact with Afro-Eurasia

Which major trade network connected Han China to the Mediterranean basin during the Classical era?

A) Trans-Saharan trade

B) Silk Roads

C) Amber Road

D) Royal Road

B) Silk Roads

Which imperial dynasty built the Royal Road to unify governance, communication, and trade across its empire?

A) Achaemenid Persian Empire

B) Han Dynasty

C) Roman Empire

D) Maurya Empire

A) Achaemenid Persian Empire

What major labor system formed the economic foundation of elite agricultural estates (latifundia) in the Roman Republic and Empire?

A) Enslaved labor

B) Mit'a system

C) Guild system

D) Corvée labor

A) Enslaved labor

Which Andean civilization (c. 100-700 CE) constructed extensive irrigation systems and monumental adobe pyramids along Peru's northern coast?

A) Inca

B) Moche

C) Olmec

D) Aztec

B) Moche

Which Chinese political concept justified the overthrow of a corrupt or ineffective ruling dynasty?

A) Mandate of Heaven

B) Varna system

C) Edicts of Ashoka

D) Pax Romana

A) Mandate of Heaven

Which Persian empire ruled from 550 BCE to 330 BCE and was known for satrapies and religious tolerance?

A) Parthian Empire

B) Achaemenid Empire

C) Sasanian Empire

D) Seleucid Empire

B) Achaemenid Empire

Who was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire?

A) Darius I

B) Xerxes I

C) Cyrus the Great

D) Alexander the Great

C) Cyrus the Great

What administrative division system did Persian emperors use to rule vast territories efficiently?

A) Commanderies

B) Satrapies

C) Provinces

D) Nomarchs

B) Satrapies

Which monotheistic religion, focused on the dualism of good and evil, originated in Persia?

A) Zoroastrianism

B) Manichaeism

C) Judaism

D) Jainism

A) Zoroastrianism

What supreme deity is recognized in Zoroastrianism?

A) Ahura Mazda

B) Ahriman

C) Yahweh

D) Brahma

A) Ahura Mazda

Which Greek city-state was famous for developing early democratic governance?

A) Sparta

B) Corinth

C) Athens

D) Thebes

C) Athens

Which militaristic Greek city-state relied on an enslaved population called helots?

A) Athens

B) Sparta

C) Argos

D) Megara

B) Sparta

What conflict (431-404 BCE) pitted the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta?

A) Greco-Persian Wars

B) Peloponnesian War

C) Punic Wars

D) Diadochi Wars

B) Peloponnesian War

Which conqueror created a vast empire stretching from Greece to Egypt and northwestern India by 323 BCE?

A) Philip II

B) Alexander the Great

C) Julius Caesar

D) Augustus

B) Alexander the Great

What historical era is characterized by the spread of Greek culture across the Mediterranean and Middle East after Alexander's conquests?

A) Classical Era

B) Archaic Era

C) Hellenistic Era

D) Archaic Greece

C) Hellenistic Era

Which major Egyptian center of trade and learning became famous for its library during the Hellenistic era?

A) Thebes

B) Memphis

C) Alexandria

D) Cairo

C) Alexandria

What Greek political structure was centered around an independent city-state and its surrounding territory?

A) Satrapy

B) Polis

C) Nomarch

D) Province

B) Polis

Which short-lived Chinese dynasty (221-206 BCE) unified China using strict Legalist principles?

A) Han Dynasty

B) Zhou Dynasty

C) Qin Dynasty

D) Tang Dynasty

C) Qin Dynasty

Who was the first emperor of unified China who standardized weights, measures, currency, and writing?

A) Han Wudi

B) Qin Shi Huang

C) Gaozu

D) Wang Mang

B) Qin Shi Huang

Which philosophy emphasized strict laws, harsh punishments, and absolute state authority in Qin China?

A) Confucianism

B) Daoism

C) Legalism

D) Mohism

C) Legalism

Which Han emperor significantly expanded China's territory and established the civil service examination system?

A) Han Wudi

B) Qin Shi Huang

C) Guangwu

D) Emperor Xian

A) Han Wudi

What system allowed candidate selection for government positions based on merit in Han China?

A) Hereditary fiefdom

B) Civil service examination

C) Caste system

D) Satrapy appointment

B) Civil service examination

What nomadic confederation to the north posed a continuous security threat to Han China?

A) Mongols

B) Xiongnu

C) Jurchens

D) Turks

B) Xiongnu

What peasant rebellion in 184 CE contributed to the decline and ultimate fall of the Han Dynasty?

A) White Lotus Rebellion

B) Yellow Turban Rebellion

C) Taiping Rebellion

D) An Lushan Rebellion

B) Yellow Turban Rebellion

Which Indian empire (322-185 BCE) was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and unified most of the subcontinent?

A) Gupta Empire

B) Maurya Empire

C) Chola Kingdom

D) Kushan Empire

B) Maurya Empire

Which social structure concept in Confucianism emphasized strict respect and obedience toward parents and ancestors?

A) Dharma

B) Filial piety

C) Wuwei

D) Legalism

B) Filial piety

Which battle motivated Emperor Ashoka to convert to Buddhism and embrace non-violence?

A) Battle of Kalinga

B) Battle of Hydaspes

C) Battle of Magadha

D) Battle of Plassey

A) Battle of Kalinga

Which Indian empire (c. 320-550 CE) is known as the 'Golden Age' of India for advancements in mathematics and science?

A) Maurya Empire

B) Gupta Empire

C) Harsha Empire

D) Satavahana Dynasty

B) Gupta Empire

Which mathematical concept, along with the decimal system, was developed in India during the Gupta period?

A) Concept of zero

B) Calculus

C) Geometry

D) Trigonometrical tables

A) Concept of zero

What rigid social stratification system based on birth and occupation structured Indian society?

A) Civil service

B) Varna and Jati (Caste system)

C) Feudalism

D) Encomienda

B) Varna and Jati (Caste system)

Who was the founder of Buddhism who taught the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path?

A) Vardhamana Mahavira

B) Siddhartha Gautama

C) Guru Nanak

D) Adi Shankara

B) Siddhartha Gautama

What core Buddhist concept represents liberation from the cycle of rebirth (samsara)? A) Moksha B) Nirvana C) Dharma D) Karma

B) Nirvana

Which religion founded by Vardhamana Mahavira advocated extreme non-violence (ahimsa)?

A) Buddhism

B) Jainism

C) Hinduism

D) Zoroastrianism

B) Jainism

What conflict series (264-146 BCE) between Rome and Carthage resulted in Roman dominance over the western Mediterranean?

A) Peloponnesian Wars

B) Punic Wars

C) Gallic Wars

D) Macedonian Wars

B) Punic Wars

Which Carthaginian general famously crossed the Alps with war elephants during the Second Punic War?

A) Scipio Africanus

B) Hannibal

C) Hamilcar Barca

D) Hasdrubal

B) Hannibal

Who became the first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BCE after the fall of the Republic?

A) Julius Caesar

B) Augustus (Octavian)

C) Mark Antony

D) Nero

B) Augustus (Octavian)

What 200-year period of relative peace and stability began with the reign of Augustus in Rome?

A) Pax Romana

B) Pax Mongolica

C) Pax Sinica

D) Pax Augusta

A) Pax Romana

Which Roman emperor split the administrative control of the empire into Eastern and Western halves in 285 CE?

A) Constantine

B) Diocletian

C) Marcus Aurelius

D) Trajan

B) Diocletian

Which emperor issued the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, legalizing Christianity across the Roman Empire?

A) Diocletian

B) Constantine

C) Theodosius

D) Tiberius

B) Constantine

Which Roman emperor made Christianity the official state religion of the empire in 380 CE?

A) Constantine

B) Theodosius

C) Justinian

D) Tiberius

B) Theodosius

What year is traditionally cited for the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

A) 313 CE

B) 476 CE

C) 550 CE

D) 600 CE

B) 476 CE

What is the name given to the surviving eastern half of the Roman Empire after 476 CE?

A) Holy Roman Empire

B) Byzantine Empire

C) Ottoman Empire

D) Seljuk Empire

B) Byzantine Empire

Which major Mesoamerican city-state (c. 100 BCE-550 CE), known for its obsidian trade network with Maya cities, contained the Pyramid of the Sun? A) Tenochtitlan B) Teotihuacan C) Tikal D) Chichen Itza

B) Teotihuacan

Which writing system developed by the Maya was the most sophisticated in the pre-Columbian Americas?

A) Hieroglyphic script

B) Cuneiform

C) Quipu

D) Linear B

A) Hieroglyphic script

What agricultural system involving raised fields in marshy areas was utilized by Mesoamerican societies?

A) Terracing

B) Chinampas

C) Qanat

D) Aqueducts

B) Chinampas

Which African kingdom south of Egypt converted to Christianity in the 4th century CE under King Ezana?

A) Kingdom of Kush

B) Kingdom of Aksum

C) Great Zimbabwe

D) Mali Empire

B) Kingdom of Aksum

What long-term population movement spread agricultural techniques and iron metallurgy across Sub-Saharan Africa?

A) Indo-European migrations

B) Bantu migrations

C) Polynesian migrations

D) Germanic migrations

B) Bantu migrations

What maritime technology using triangular sails allowed sailors to maneuver against wind on the Indian Ocean?

A) Junk

B) Lateen sail

C) Trireme

D) Galleon

B) Lateen sail

Which vessel was widely used by Arab and Indian merchants in the Indian Ocean trade network?

A) Dhow

B) Trireme

C) Caravel

D) Longship

A) Dhow

What luxury product served as China's major export item along trans-Eurasian land routes?

A) Cotton

B) Silk

C) Porcelain

D) Spices

B) Silk

Which empire controlled trade in central Eurasia (Kushan) and facilitated the transmission of Buddhism to China?

A) Sasanian Empire

B) Kushan Empire

C) Parthian Empire

D) Axum Empire

B) Kushan Empire

What major disease epidemic struck the Roman Empire in 165-180 CE, weakening its military and economy?

A) Justinian Plague

B) Antonine Plague

C) Black Death

D) Bubonic Plague of 541

B) Antonine Plague

What epidemic under Emperor Justinian severely disrupted the Byzantine Empire in the 540s CE?

A) Antonine Plague

B) Plague of Justinian

C) Black Death

D) Cyprian Plague

B) Plague of Justinian

Which philosophy founded by Laozi, whose central text is the Tao Te Ching, emphasized harmony with nature and non-action (wuwei)? A) Legalism B) Daoism C) Confucianism D) Mohism

B) Daoism

What concept in Daoism translates to 'actionless action' or natural effortlessness?

A) Ren

B) Wuwei

C) Xiao

D) Li

B) Wuwei

Which school of thought created by Confucius prioritized social order, ritual, and humaneness?

A) Daoism

B) Confucianism

C) Legalism

D) Shinto

B) Confucianism

Which Confucian concept refers to benevolence and humaneness toward others?

A) Li

B) Ren

C) Xiao

D) Junzi

B) Ren

Which Confucian term denotes the ideal 'superior person' or gentleman of moral character?

A) Junzi

B) Shi

C) Dao

D) Dharma

A) Junzi

In Hindu tradition, what principle determines one's future rebirths based on ethical actions?

A) Dharma

B) Karma

C) Moksha

D) Samsara

B) Karma

What term refers to sacred duties and ethical order in Hinduism?

A) Karma

B) Dharma

C) Moksha

D) Nirvana

B) Dharma

Which two major epics expressed core cultural values and religious duty in India?

A) Epic of Gilgamesh and Enuma Elish

B) Mahabharata and Ramayana

C) Iliad and Odyssey

D) Popol Vuh and Chilam Balam

B) Mahabharata and Ramayana

Which Hindu text embedded within the Mahabharata contains Lord Krishna's discourse on dharma to Arjuna?

A) Upanishads

B) Bhagavad Gita

C) Rigveda

D) Laws of Manu

B) Bhagavad Gita

Which Jewish group advocated strict adherence to written and oral law during Roman rule in Judea?

A) Pharisees

B) Essenes

C) Zealots

D) Sadducees

A) Pharisees

Who played a critical role in spreading Christianity to non-Jewish (Gentile) populations across the Roman Mediterranean?

A) Peter

B) Paul of Tarsus

C) James

D) Thomas

B) Paul of Tarsus

What meeting in 325 CE was called by Constantine to establish orthodox Christian doctrine?

A) Council of Chalcedon

B) Council of Nicaea

C) Council of Trent

D) Council of Ephesus

B) Council of Nicaea

Which branch of Buddhism spread to East Asia and emphasized salvation for all through bodhisattvas?

A) Theravada

B) Mahayana

C) Vajrayana

D) Zen

B) Mahayana

Which branch of Buddhism remained closer to original teachings and prevailed in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia?

A) Mahayana

B) Theravada

C) Pure Land

D) Tibetan

B) Theravada

In Mahayana Buddhism, what title is given to enlightened beings who delay nirvana to help others?

A) Arhat

B) Bodhisattva

C) Brahmin

D) Guru

B) Bodhisattva

Which Roman engineering achievement carried fresh water into cities across the empire?

A) Qanats

B) Aqueducts

C) Canals

D) Cisterns

B) Aqueducts

What material perfected by Roman engineers revolutionized construction of massive domes and arches?

A) Terracotta

B) Concrete

C) Granite

D) Cast iron

B) Concrete

Which monument built in Rome under the Flavians hosted gladiatorial contests and public spectacles?

A) Pantheon

B) Colosseum

C) Circus Maximus

D) Forum

B) Colosseum

What major Roman architectural creation in Rome was dedicated to all the gods? A) Parthenon B) Pantheon C) Hagia Sophia D) Colosseum

B) Pantheon

Which social group constituted the wealthy landowning elite in early Rome?

A) Plebeians

B) Patricians

C) Helots

D) Equites

B) Patricians

Which social group comprised the general body of free Roman citizens?

A) Patricians

B) Plebeians

C) Slaves

D) Metics

B) Plebeians

What Roman legal code written around 450 BCE established public accountability for all free citizens?

A) Twelve Tables

B) Justinian Code

C) Hammurabi's Code

D) Edicts of Ashoka

A) Twelve Tables

Which Chinese dynasty succeeded the Han after a period of division and civil war?

A) Tang

B) Sui

C) Song

D) Yuan

B) Sui

What system of imperial inspection and census was created in Rome under Augustus?

A) Tributary system

B) Census

C) Corvée system

D) Satrapy review

B) Census

Which trade route linked Sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean markets using camel caravans?

A) Trans-Saharan route

B) Silk Road

C) Royal Road

D) Incense Route

A) Trans-Saharan route

What goods were heavily traded across the Trans-Saharan routes during the classical and post-classical eras?

A) Gold and salt

B) Silk and tea

C) Spices and porcelain

D) Silver and timber

A) Gold and salt

Which kingdom in Nubia (modern Sudan) interacted closely with Egypt and was famous for ironworking?

A) Axum

B) Kush

C) Carthage

D) Numidia

B) Kush

What was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush known for its iron production and pyramids?

A) Napata

B) Meroë

C) Memphis

D) Axum

B) Meroë

Which civilization in North Africa was originally founded as a Phoenician colony before warring with Rome?

A) Alexandria

B) Carthage

C) Cyrene

D) Leptis Magna

B) Carthage

What language family expanded across Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa through migration?

A) Afroasiatic

B) Niger-Congo (Bantu branch)

C) Nilo-Saharan

D) Khoisan

B) Niger-Congo (Bantu branch)

Which technology was crucial to Bantu success in clearing land and expanding agriculture?

A) Bronze casting

B) Iron metallurgy

C) Steel smelting

D) Terracing

B) Iron metallurgy

Which major group of pastoral nomads invaded northern India and accelerated the collapse of the Gupta Empire?

A) Xiongnu

B) White Huns (Hephthalites)

C) Mongols

D) Parthians

B) White Huns (Hephthalites)

Which Eurasian nomadic group's westward pressure triggered Germanic migrations into Roman territory?

A) Huns

B) Scythians

C) Avars

D) Magyars

A) Huns

Which Germanic group sacked Rome in 410 CE under King Alaric?

A) Vandals

B) Visigoths

C) Franks

D) Ostrogoths

B) Visigoths

Which Germanic group conquered Roman North Africa and famously sacked Rome in 455 CE?

A) Visigoths

B) Vandals

C) Lombards

D) Saxons

B) Vandals