UCSP 7/15/26

1st summative exam coverage, terms.

Anthropology

Study of humans, their culture, origins, evolution, and ways of living.

Anthropology

Examines how people live and interact in different societies and across different periods of history

Anthropos

Means “Human“ in Greek

Sociology

Study of society, social relationships, social institutions, and human behaviour in groups

Sociology

Focuses on how people interact and how societies function

Socius

Means “Society“ in Latin

Political Science

Study of government, politics, political systems, public policies, and political behaviour.

Polis

Means “City State“ in Greek

Franz Boas

Father of American Anthropology

Franz Boas

Was born on July 9, 1858

Franz Boas

He believed every culture is unique

Alfred Kroeber

He studied indigenous cultures

Alfred Kroeber

He promoted cultural preservation

Lewis Henry Morgan

He studied Native American societies

Lewis Henry Morgan

He contributed to cultural evolution studies

Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Lewis Henry Morgan

3 American Anthropologists

C. Wright Mills

He suggested sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills

He connects personal experiences with society

Peter Berger

“See the general in particular”

Peter Berger

He implies to find patterns in everyday life

Thomas

Created the Thomas Theorem

Thomas

He implies that if people believe something is real, it becomes real in its consequences

Aristotle

Called political science the highest practical science

Aristotle

He implies to focus on achieving the common goal.

Aristotle

Wrote ‘Politics’, one of the earliest books on politics.

Social Change

Significant transformation in people’s behaviour, values, norms, and social institutions over time.

Political Change

Happens when the government, leaders, or system of governance change

Cultural Change

Happens when there are changes in beliefs, traditions, customs, values, and ways of life influenced by internal and external factors

Technology, Population, Environment

3 Causes of Social Change

Technology

Cause of social change that includes:
-         Improves communication

-         Modern transportation

-         New inventions

Population

Cause of social change that includes:
-         Population growth

-         Migration

-         Urbanization

Environment

Cause of social change that includes:
-         Natural disaster

-         Climate Change

-         Environmental Problems

Contact, Technological Evolution, Geographical and Ecological Factors.

3 Factors of Political Change

Contact

A factor of political change that includes:
-         Interaction between different societies

-         Cultural diffusion, acculturation

Technological Evolution

A factor of political change that includes:
-         Internet, social media, location

Geographical and Ecological Factors

A factor of political change that includes:
-         Climate, natural environment, modern communication.

Learned, Shared, Dynamic, Adaptive, Symbolic, Integrated

6 Characteristics of Culture

Learned

Culture is learned from our family and communities.

Shared

Culture is practiced by many people

Dynamic

Culture changes overtime

Adaptive

People adjust culture based on their environment

Symbolic

Culture uses symbols, languages and signs

Integrated

All parts of culture are connected

Material Culture, Non-Material Culture

2 major components of culture

Material Culture

A type of culture that includes:
Clothes, cellphones, cars, houses, paintings

Non-Material Culture

A type of culture that includes:
Beliefs, languages, values, religion, traditions, laws

People, Territory, Interaction, Shared Culture

4 Basic Elements of Society

People

Members of society

Territory

Place where people live

Interaction

Communication and relationships among people

Shared Culture

Common beliefs, values, customs and traditions.

Organized, Cooperative, Dynamic, Interdependent, Common Territory

5 Characteristics of society

Organized

People have roles and responsibilities

Cooperative

Members help one another achieve common goals

Dynamic

Changes over time

Interdependent

People depend on each other for survival

Common Territory

People live in the same community or place

Hunting, Pastoral, Horticulture, Agriculture, Industrial, Post-Industrial

6 Types of Society

Hunting

Hunting and collecting wild plants

Pastoral

Raising livestock

Horticulture

Small-scale farming

Agriculture

Large-scale farming

Industrial

Factories and manufacturing

Post-Industrial

Emergency, information, technology, and services.

Culture

Refers to the shared way of life of a group of people.

Culture

Guides the behaviour of people in society.

Society

An organized group/s of people who live together, interact, and share a common territory and culture.

Society

Creates and preserves culture