UCSP exam

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Anthropology

Study of humans, their culture, origins, evolution, and ways of living.

Anthropology

Examines how people live and interact in different societies and across different periods of history

Anthropos

Means “Human“ in Greek

Sociology

Study of society, social relationships, social institutions, and human behaviour in groups

Sociology

Focuses on how people interact and how societies function

Socius

Means “Society“ in Latin

Political Science

Study of government, politics, political systems, public policies, and political behaviour.

Polis

Means “City State“ in Greek

Franz Boas

Father of American Anthropology

Franz Boas

Was born on July 9, 1858

Franz Boas

He believed every culture is unique

Alfred Kroeber

He studied indigenous cultures

Alfred Kroeber

He promoted cultural preservation

Lewis Henry Morgan

He studied Native American societies

Lewis Henry Morgan

He contributed to cultural evolution studies

Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Lewis Henry Morgan

3 American Anthropologists

C. Wright Mills

He suggested sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills

He connects personal experiences with society

Peter Berger

“See the general in particular”

Peter Berger

He implies to find patterns in everyday life

Thomas

Created the Thomas Theorem

Thomas

He implies that if people believe something is real, it becomes real in its consequences

Aristotle

Called political science the highest practical science

Aristotle

He implies to focus on achieving the common goal.

Aristotle

Wrote ‘Politics’, one of the earliest books on politics.

Social Change

Significant transformation in people’s behaviour, values, norms, and social institutions over time.

Political Change

Happens when the government, leaders, or system of governance change

Cultural Change

Happens when there are changes in beliefs, traditions, customs, values, and ways of life influenced by internal and external factors

Technology, Population, Environment

3 Causes of Social Change

Technology

Cause of social change that includes:
-         Improves communication

-         Modern transportation

-         New inventions

Population

Cause of social change that includes:
-         Population growth

-         Migration

-         Urbanization

Environment

Cause of social change that includes:
-         Natural disaster

-         Climate Change

-         Environmental Problems

Contact, Technological Evolution, Geographical and Ecological Factors.

3 Factors of Political Change

Contact

A factor of political change that includes:
-         Interaction between different societies

-         Cultural diffusion, acculturation

Technological Evolution

A factor of political change that includes:
-         Internet, social media, location

Geographical and Ecological Factors

A factor of political change that includes:
-         Climate, natural environment, modern communication.

Learned, Shared, Dynamic, Adaptive, Symbolic, Integrated

6 Characteristics of Culture

Learned

A characteristic of culture that says:
Culture is learned from our family and communities.

Shared

A characteristic of culture that says:
Culture is practiced by many people

Dynamic

A characteristic of culture that says:
Culture changes overtime

Adaptive

A characteristic of culture that says:
People adjust culture based on their environment

Symbolic

A characteristic of culture that says:
Culture uses symbols, languages and signs

Integrated

A characteristic of culture that says:
All parts of culture are connected

Material Culture, Non-Material Culture

2 major components of culture

Material Culture

A type of culture that includes:
Clothes, cellphones, cars, houses, paintings

Non-Material Culture

A type of culture that includes:
Beliefs, languages, values, religion, traditions, laws

People, Territory, Interaction, Shared Culture

4 Basic Elements of Society

People

Members of society

Territory

Place where people live

Interaction

Communication and relationships among people

Shared Culture

Common beliefs, values, customs and traditions.

Organized, Cooperative, Dynamic, Interdependent, Common Territory

5 Characteristics of society

Organized

A characteristic of society that says:
People have roles and responsibilities

Cooperative

A characteristic of society that says:
Members help one another achieve common goals

Dynamic

A characteristic of society that says:
Changes over time

Interdependent

A characteristic of society that says:
People depend on each other for survival

Common Territory

A characteristic of society that says:
People live in the same community or place

Hunting, Pastoral, Horticulture, Agriculture, Industrial, Post-Industrial

6 Types of Society

Hunting

Hunting and collecting wild plants

Pastoral

Raising livestock

Horticulture

Small-scale farming

Agriculture

Large-scale farming

Industrial

Factories and manufacturing

Post-Industrial

Emergency, information, technology, and services.

Culture

Refers to the shared way of life of a group of people.

Culture

Guides the behaviour of people in society.

Society

An organized group/s of people who live together, interact, and share a common territory and culture.

Society

Creates and preserves culture

C. Wright Mills, Peter Berger, Thomas, Aristotle

4 Famous Sociologists

1

This influences the other because it:
Shapes people’s beliefs and values

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

1

This influences the other because it:
Guides behaviours through norms and traditions

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

1

This influences the other because it:
Strengthens identity and unity

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

1

This influences the other because it:
Influences laws, education and social institutions

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

2

This influences the other because it:
Passes traditions from one generation to another

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

2

This influences the other because it:
Introduces new ideas through education and technology

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

2

This influences the other because it:
Makes it adapt to social changes

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

2

This influences the other because it:
Creates new customs and practices

Type 1 if Culture to Society
Type 2 if Society to Culture

Cultural Variations

Refers to the rich diversity in social patters that different human group exhibits around the world

Cultural Variations

Refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world

Cultural Variations

All cultures are different from one culture to another

Religion, Ethnicity, Nationality

Types of Cultural Variations

Religion

A system of beliefs and practices as well as systems of actions directed toward entities that are above man.

Religion

It is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural

Ethnicity

It is the expression of the art of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethics or indigenous groups

Nationality

The legal relationship that bands a person and a country

Nationality

Allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person

Cultural Universalis

Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

Subculture, Counter Culture, High Culture, Popular Culture

4 Types of Culture

Subculture

A culture that is shared with a distinctive pattern of folkways and values which differ from a larger society

Subculture

Societies who exhibit this have a specific and unique set of beliefs and values that set them apart from the dominant culture

Counter Culture

A culture practiced by groups whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society or group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms.

High Culture

A culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of society

Popular Culture

A culture practiced and patronized by the middle and working classes of the society

Ethnocentrism

The belief that their culture is in fact superior to that of others

Ethnocentrism

This mentality sometimes leads to discrimination

Culture Shock

The feeling of being disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

Cultural Relativism

Assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture

Cultural Relativism

The practice that one must understand in the context of their locality

Promotes Cooperation

Respect and Equality is encouraged

Preserves human culture

Creates a society without judgement

Advantages of Cultural Relativism

Cultural Change

Observed when ways of living and new ideas enter a culture as a result of globalization