European Cultures & Societies

Social movement

Historically situated social process that, occurs in the realm of political participation that can evolve but will always be characterised by a certain set of traits and cannot be reduced to actors and actions

Social movement definition Diani

Network of informal interactions between actors engaged in conflict, on the basis of a shared collective identity

political opportunity structure Tarrow

consistent dimensions of the political environment that provide incentives for people to undertake collective action by affecting their expectations for success or failure

dimensions of political environment

political systems and institutions, prevailing strategies, policing of protest, allies/opponents

escalated force model

Low priority to the right to demonstrate peacefully, scarce communication between police and SM actors, coercive means or illegal forms of repression

negotiated control model

High priority to the right to demonstrate peacefully, good communication between police and SM actors, coercive means avoided when possible

exclusive national strategies

repression of conflict

inclusive national strategies

co-optation of emergent demands

transnational collective action

coordinated international campaigns sustained by international networks of activists against other actors (states, international institutions, international actors)

diffusion

adoption of forms of contention developed in a different context

internalisation (process sustaining transnational mobilisations)

citizens mobilize at the domestic level to react against an international threat and/or decisions that affects them that are taken at the international level

externalisation (process sustaining transnational mobilisations)

contention at domestic levels brought to international arenas so SM can overcome the lack of opportunities to be heard by national governments and institutions

1st wave of feminism

women’s rights mid 19th to mid 20th cenury

2nd wave of feminism

womens liberation late 60s to early 80s

3rd wave of feminism

multiple identitites 90s to 2010s

4th wave of feminsim

intersectionality and digital activism 2010s to present