AP GOV Chapter 8

What is the difference between a valence issue and a position issue?

A valence issue is a problem most people agree needs to be fixed. A position issue is a problem where people disagree on how to fix it.

What is an incumbent and what are the advantages of being one?

An incumbent is the current officeholder. They have name recognition, more money, more media attention, and usually win.

What is the difference between a delegate and a trustee?

A delegate votes how the people want. A trustee votes based on their own judgment.

How does the Electoral College work and what happens if no one gets a majority?

The Electoral College elects the president. States get votes based on population. A candidate needs 270 votes. If no one gets a majority, the House chooses the president.

How does the census affect elections and what are swing states?

The census decides how many representatives and electoral votes each state gets. States with growing populations gain power. Swing states are states with very close elections.

What is prospective voting and retrospective voting?

Prospective voting is based on future plans. Retrospective voting is based on past performance.

What are the types of primaries and what is a caucus?

Open primaries allow anyone to vote. Closed primaries allow only party members. Semi-closed primaries allow independents to choose. A caucus is a public meeting where party members vote.

Why do third parties struggle in presidential elections?

They struggle because of the two-party system, lack of money, little media coverage, and few electoral votes.

How are presidential elections different from congressional elections?

Presidential elections are national and use the Electoral College. Congressional elections are local and focus on district issues.

How are visuals, spots, debates, and direct mail used in campaigns?

Visuals use images to create emotion. Spots are short ads. Debates are risky because mistakes hurt candidates. Direct mail is effective because it targets specific voters.

What is a midterm election and who usually wins and loses?

A midterm election happens halfway through a president’s term. The president’s party usually loses seats because turnout is lower and voters want change.